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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOLUME LXXV, 1964

R. G. SCHMIEDER, EDITOR

EDITORIAL STAFF

]. A. G. REHN M. E. PHILLIPS

H. ]. GRANT, JR. H. W. ALLEN

S. S. ROBACK

PUBLISHED BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

1964

The numbers of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for 1964 were mailed at the Post
Office at Lancaster, Pa., as follows :

No. 1 — January January 7, 1964

No. 2 — February February 10, 1964

No. 3— March March 10, 1964

No. 4— April April 3, 1964

No. 5— May May 12, 1964

No. 6— June June 19, 1964

No. 7— July July 3, 1964

No. 8— October September 24, 1964

No. 9— November October 29, 1964

The date of mailing the December 1964 number will be announced on
the last page of the issue for January 1965.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JANUARY 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 1

CONTENTS

Burks — A North American Phlebopenes (Hym.) 1

Knerer and Atwood — Descriptions of Dialictus (Hym.) 5

Flint — New species and records of Sialis (Xeurop.) 9

Brown — Tramp ants in Brazil (Hym.) 14

Alexander — New exotic crane-flies. Part VIII (Dipt.) 15

Brown — Edwards types lost on S.S. Pomerania (Lep.) 24

Medlar — Rhygium leucomelas from trap nests (Hym.) 26

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXY JANUARY, 1964 No. 1

A North American Phlebopenes (Hymenoptera,

Eupelmidae)

B. D. BURKS, Ent. Res. Div., Agric. Res. Serv., U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The genus Phlebopenes Perty has heretofore been considered
to consist only of species occurring in South and Central Amer-
ica. Fourteen species and one variety have been described. All
but one of these were described from Brazil, British Guiana,
Venezuela, or Colombia ; the remaining species was from Nica-
ragua. These species were revised in 1920 by Roman (Archvr
for Zoologi, vol. 12, pt. 19, p. 24-30), and he gives a key to
the species.

For nearly 50 years, however, there have been specimens of
an undescribed Phlebopenes from Florida and Georgia in the
U. S. National Museum collection. Just this year I received
two more Florida specimens and a Maryland specimen of this
species for identification, so it seems advisable to name it. This
new species will greatly extend the range for the genus, and add
another generic name to the North American catalog.

The species of Phlebopenes are very large indeed for chalci-
doids; Roman (loc. cit.} remarked that Phlebopenes with its
relatives is like an elephant among rabbits ! Much of this ap-
parent large size is due to the ovipositor being exserted and very
long, always longer than the body, and often several times as
long as the body. Even without this elongate ovipositor, how-
ever, the body in Phlebopenes is quite large for a chalcidoid,
although surpassed by some brachymerine chalcidids.

2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

Unfortunately nothing is known about the host relationships
in Phlebopcnes. A safe guess would be that they might para-
sitize woodboring larvae of Coleoptera, since specimens have
been taken on standing tree trunks.

Phlebopenes hetricki, new species. (Fig. 1)

In Roman's key, this species will run out at couplet 7, which
contains two South American species, longicaudata (Westwood)
and consors (Walker). It differs from the first in having the
ovipositor sheaths only 1| times as long as the body, rather than
4 or 5 times as long as the body. It differs from consors by
possessing a median, longitudinal, dorsal carina on the meso-
scutum. The species longifica (Walker), viridis (Westwood),
consors (Walker), pilipes Cameron, abdominalis Ashmead, and
pcrtyi Ashmead are represented in the U.S.N.M. collection, and
hetricki differs from all of them in having this longitudinal
carina on the mesoscutum, in having a median, longitudinal
groove on the scutellum, in having the path of the obsolete vein
M + Cit of the forewing bare, and in having the propodeum
extremely short on the meson. P. hetricki differs in details of
its color pattern from the descriptions of the species that are
not represented in the U.S.N.M. collection.

Female. — Length, head and body, 8.0-8.5 mm, ovipositor, 12-
13 mm. Head and thorax dark metallic purple with iridescent
blue-green highlights ; gaster with dark, iridescent blue-green to
purple shading at base above, apical segments purple, and inter-
mediate segments tan to red-brown ; antennal scape tan at base,
distally black with iridescent blue-green sheen ; pedicel and
flagellum black ; coxae iridescent purple, apices tan ; femora,
tibiae, and tarsi tan ; wings clear hyaline, veins tan to dark
brown; ovipositor sheaths black.

Head densely clothed with short, silvery hair, face and para-
scrobal areas with umbilicate punctation ; scrobes vaguely indi-
cated, not impressed, surface faintly sculptured, almost smooth ;
scape broadened and flattened mesally, apex greatly surpassing
level of vertex ; pedicel and ring segment subequal in length, the
latter ^ as long as first funicular segment; F-l and F-2 equal in

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3

length, F-3 | as long as F-2, F-4 ^ as long as F-2, F-5 -| as long
as F-2, F-6 and 7 subequal in length, each not quite f as long as
F-2 ; club £ as long as F-2, club segments oblique, appendiculate
segment at apex of club clearly visible.

FIG. 1. PHlebopenes hetricki, lateral aspect.

Mesothorax, except for mesepimeron, closely covered with
punctures and short, silvery hair, mesepimeron minutely rough-
ened and lacking pubescence; a distinct median, longitudinal
carina extending from apex of praescutum almost to base of
scutellum; a median, longitudinal groove present in basal 5 of

4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

scutellum. Prepectus wedge-shaped. Metepisternum and hind
coxae densely covered with relatively long, silvery hair, this
pubescence extending onto propodeum in area around spiracles.
Forewing with marginal vein f , and postmarginal vein ^, as
long as submarginal vein, stigmal vein ^ as long as marginal ;
area immediately behind submarginal vein with relatively sparse
setae, basal cell otherwise glabrous, no setae present on path of
obsolete vein M + Cit. Basal ^ of ventral margin of hind femur
carinate; basal hind tarsal segment twice as long as second
segment.

Propodeum short on meson, only £ the length of the scutellum,
median propodeal area with 1 or 2 fine, transverse carinulae,
surface otherwise smooth ; propodeal spiracle oval, large, length
1^ times median length of propodeum. Second abdominal ter-
gum minute, hardly visible, its length ^ that of propodeum at
meson. First gastral tergum (A-III) with a deep median inci-
sion in posterior margin, surface of tergum smooth, fine pubes-
cence present laterally; tergum 2 with a slightly less deep
median incision, surface faintly and minutely sculptured, fine
pubescence present laterally; tergum 3 with sculpture and pos-
terior incision same as on tergum 2, fine pubescence present
anteriorly and laterally; tergum 4 with a shallow median inci-
sion, surface slightly more intensely sculptured, fine pubescence
in anterior and lateral areas ; tergum 5 with posterior margin
entire, surface sculpture stronger than on tergum 4, fine pubes-
cence anterior and lateral ; tergum 6 with sculpture slightly
coarser than on 5, entire tergum with fine pubescence, spiracles
normally concealed beneath projecting margin of tergum 5 ;
tergum 7 with dense, bristly pubescence over entire surface,
cerci sessile, ventral, each cercus bearing 2 long and 2 short
bristles. Ovipositor sheaths closely clothed with stout, minute
bristles.

Male. — Unknown.

Type locality. — Olustee, FLORIDA.

Type.— U.S.N.M. No. 64991.

Described from 6 female specimens, as follows : Type, Olustee,
Florida, June 27, 1963, collected on trunk of living longleaf pine

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5

tree, L. A. Hetrick ; paratypes, 1 ?, Pensacola, Florida, June 18,
1963, in Japanese beetle trap, T. W. Boyd; 1 $, Miami, Florida,
April 12, J. N. Knull ; 1 ?, Paradise Key, Florida, C. A. Mosier ;
1 $, Georgia [no further data] ; 1 $, Hays Beach, Maryland,
July 4, 1949, collected on standing pine tree, H. F. Howden.
One paratype is deposited in the Canadian Department of Agri-
culture, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa; 1 paratype is
in the Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville ; the other speci-
mens are in the U. S. National Museum.

Description of the Male of Dialictus novascotiae

Mitchell and of the Female of D. sandhouseae

(Michener) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) 1

G. KNERER and C. E. ATWOOD 2

During recent studies on the distribution of halictid and
andrenid bees of Ontario, large numbers of small, metallic bees
belonging to the genus Dialictus Robertson were captured by
the authors. The occurrence of both males and females at the
same time and place allowed the association of the dimorph sexes
in several cases. During the determination of part of the mate-
rial by Dr. T. B. Mitchell of North Carolina State University,
two species were found to have been described from one sex
only. The description of the previously unknown sexes is
given below.

Dialictus novascotiae Mitchell. Fig. 1.

Dialictus novascotiae Mitchell, 1960. N. C. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Tech. Bull. 141 : 407. ?.

Male. — Length 5.5-7.0 mm; wing length 4-5 mm; head and
thorax dark bluish green, abdomen piceous ; pubescence yellow-
ish-white, rather thin, more copious on head, becoming sub-

1 The research on which this study is based was supported by a grant
from the National Research Council, Ottawa.

2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

appressed and quite dense on lower part of face, thin and
obscure on abdomen; length and breadth of head about equal;
clypeus projecting about one-third below suborbital line ; lateral
ocelli nearer to eyes than to each other ; basal segment of flagel-
luin about as long as broad, slightly longer than pedicel, second
and following segments much longer (ratio of length to breadth
about 1.7 to 1.0), brownish-testaceous beneath, piceous above;
labrum dark; mandibles simple, quite short, amber colored api-
cally ; cheeks slightly wider than eyes ; tipper part of face densely
and contiguously punctate, punctures below becoming more
widely separated, the distance between punctures not exceeding
their diameter however; supraclypcal area with scattered, ob-
scure punctures ; clypeus uniformly and finely punctate, punc-
tures separated by about twice their diameter ; vertex somewhat
shining, obscurely roughened medially, more distinctly punctate
between eyes and ocelli, cheeks shining and striate, hypostomal
carinae parallel, apical angle rather narrowly rounded ; scutum
somewhat shining and tesselate, median punctures shallow and
well separated, becoming closer and somewhat deeper laterally,
never crowded even between notaulices and tegulae, those on
scutellum rather close along midline and on each side, rather
shallow and indistinct ; pleura rather coarsely reticulate ; dorsal
area of pro pod cum coarsely, regularly and quite completely
striate, apical margin abrupt, lateral faces coarsely reticulate ;
u'ings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brownish, second submar-
ginal cell much shorter than third, receiving first recurrent vein
at apex ; tegulae brownish-hyaline ; femora and tibiae piceous,
tibiae yellowish at tip; tarsi yellow; abdominal terga shining,
punctures very fine, evenly distributed but not crowded, apical
impressed areas entirely impunctute, brownish along rims;
apical margin of sternum 5 slightly incurved; sterna 7 and 8,
gonostylus as illustrated (FiG. 1); retrorse lobe of genital
armature attenuated apically, minutely short setose.

Material examined: 46 $<$ Timiskaming Co., August 12, 1962
(on Aster} ; 19 £$ Cochrane Co., August 13, 1962) on Soli-
dago} ; 6JJ Thunder Bay Co., August 14 and 16, 1962 (on
Epilobium and Solidago] ; 9 <$<$ Kenora Co., August 14, 1962

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

(on Solidago} ; 1 <$ Algoma Co., August 16, 1962 (on Ana-
pJialis) .

Dialictus sandhouseae (Michener)

Halictus occult us Sandhouse, 1924. U. S. Xatl. Mus. Proc.

65 (19): 27. J1 Preocc.
Lasioglossuin (Chloralictus} sandhouseae Michener, 1951.

In Muesebeck, et al. Hym. Amer., U.S.D.A., Agr. Monog.

2: 1117. (new name)
Dialictus sandhouseae Mitchell, 1960. N. C. Agr. Exp. Sta.

Tech. Bull. 141 : 418. \

FIG. 1. Dialictus novascotiac Mitchell
A. gonostylus. B. sterna 7 (lower) and 8.

Female. — Length 5 mm ; wing length 4.0-5.0 mm ; head and
thora.v olive green, abdomen chestnut brown; pubescence short,
thin, entirely whitish; head broader than long (ratio of breadth
to length about 50 to 43) ; clypeus broadly convex, projecting
nearly two-thirds below suborbital line ; supraclypeal area nearly
as long as broad and only very slightly shorter than clypeus;
eyes convergent below ; lateral ocelli somewhat nearer to eyes
than to each other ; cheeks subequal to eyes in width ; face below
ocelli rather dull, punctures rather coarse and deep, quite close
and crowded, becoming fine, irregular and obscure on vertex ;
cheeks above rather dull, minutely and very closely punctate,

8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

punctures very obscure, cheeks becoming more striate poste-
riorly and towards ventral surface, but this shining and smooth ;
hypostomal carinae subparallel, apical angle rather broadly
rounded ; lower half of face rather dull and tesselate between
shallow punctures, these well separated between antennae and
eyes, deeper but still sparse on purple supraclypeal area, fine
and rather close along upper margin of clypeus, becoming quite
coarse, deep and more widely separated apically; scutum and
scutellum microscopically tesselate and somewhat shining, punc-
tures fine and shallow, more scattered in center of scutum, never
becoming contiguous, even between notaulices and tegulae;
pleura tesselate and shining with scattered punctures evident at
certain angles; dorsal area of propodeum truncate posteriorly,
subequal in length to combined scutellum and metanotum, dorsal
surface somewhat shining between strongly divergent carinae;
wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma yellowish ; tegulae brown-
ish hyaline; legs piceous basally, becoming more brownish api-
cally, tibiae showing yellowish maculae at both ends ; abdominal
terga shining and impunctate, apical rims narrowly yellowish-
hyaline ; terga 3 and 4 with sparse white pubescence not obscur-
ing the surface.

Material examined : 39 $$ Timiskaming Co., June 21 and 22,
1961 (on Saliv and Primus) ; 1 $ Cochrane Co., August 10,
1961 (on Solidago) ; 5 ?? Thunder Bay Co., August 14, 1962
(on Spiraea} ; 33 $? Kenora Co., August 14, 1962 (on Soli-
dago) ; 1 $ Temiscamingue, P. Q. May 15, 1962 (on Salix).

Both species share a boreal range which seems to extend from
one end of the province to the other. No specimens have been
collected south of the 47th parallel and large populations were
found around the 51th parallel, the northernmost point at which
the writers have collected. D. novascotiae was previously re-
ported from Nova Scotia and D. sandhoitseae was known to
exist in Colorado, Minnesota and Ontario.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 9

New Species and New State Records of Sialis
(Neuroptera: Sialidae)

OLIVER S. FLINT, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.

The genus Sialis is found throughout the Holarctic region,
but related genera are reported from South America, South
Africa, Madagascar, and Australia. The Nearctic species were
monographed by Ross (1937), who figured and described 19
species. Since then only a single species has been described,
S. nina Townsend (1939) from Kentucky. Three new species
which have been discovered in material acquired over the last
year are described herein, and new state records are presented
for 8 other eastern species. The terminology proposed by Ross
is used here.

Sialis dreisbachi Flint, new species (Figs. 1-4)

This species is most closely related to 5. Jiamata Ross, which
is recorded from western North America, but the male genitalia
of the two species are quite different. The terminal plate (t)
has a much longer and more slender apical neck and the genital
plate (g) lacks the recurved apical hook in the male of dreis-
bachi. The female genitalia differ from those of any other
described species in that they possess a lobed posterior margin
on the seventh sternum and a mesal cleft and depression on
the eighth sternum.

MALE. — Length of fore wing, 10 mm. Black, except for
orange raised areas on posterior of head, between antennae, and
around eyes. Ninth sternum bandlike, setae short. Lateral
plates (1) ovoid, with many short setae. Genital plate (g) small,
with hooks barely produced and without apical recurved portion.
Terminal plate (t) in caudal view about half as wide as long,
slightly produced into two low knobs subapically, apex devel-
oped into a long narrow neck which articulates with genital plate.

FEMALE. — Length of forewing 12 mm. General structure and
color as in male. Seventh sternum produced into a rounded

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

lobe posteromesally. Eighth sternum with a broad U-shaped
emargination posteromesally; mesally depressed and darkened.
Ninth sternum membranous.

Holotype male, allotype female, paratype male : Michigan,
Schoolcraft County, June 5, 1959, R. & K. Dreisbach. USNM
67067.

Sialis contigua Flint, new species (Figs. 5-8)

6*. contigua is closely related to the eastern 5\ acqualis Banks.
The two lobes of the terminal plate in contigua are almost touch-
ing rather than widely separated, the genital hook is very broad
much as in S. vagans Ross, and the lateral processes from the
genital plate have a darkened sclerite within them. The genital
segments of the female do not show any differences from acqualis
or vagans.

MALE. — Length of forewing 10 mm. Coloration as in drcis-
bachi. Ninth sternum produced into a large conical flap cover-
ing much of the genitalia ventrally. Lateral plates quadrate,
with apicolateral angles slightly produced, with many short
setae. Genital plate forming a narrow band beneath terminal
plate ; hooks wide in lateral aspect with tips produced into a
small point ; lateral margins produced into large membranous
flaps with an internal darkened sclerotization. Terminal plate
in caudal view broad apically, with a deep narrow cleft mesally,
the two lateral lobes almost touching.

FEMALE. — Length of forewing 10-11 mm. General structure
and color as in male. Seventh sternum with posterior margin
almost straight. Eighth sternum with a broadly and shallowly
emarginate posterior margin ; mesally with a depressed area
almost completely separating lateral lobes. Ninth sternum
membranous.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Sialis drcisbachi new species, Figs. 1-4; Sialis contigua new species,
Figs. 5-8; Sialis spangleri new species, Figs. 9-11.

FIGS. 1, 5, and 11, ventral view of male genitalis; Figs. 2, 6, and 9,
lateral view of terminal and genital plates of male ; Figs. 3, 7, and 10
caudal view of terminal plate of male ; Figs. 4 and 8, ventral view of
genitalia of female. Abbreviations : g, genital plate ; 1, lateral plate ; t,
terminal plate ; 7, 8, 9, abdominal sterna.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

Holotype male, allotype female, paratypes 1 J1 8 $ : Virginia,
Highland County, bridge on route 220 over East Branch Poto-
mac River, May 19, 1963, O. S. Flint, Jr. & W. D. Field.
USNM 67068.

Sialis spangleri Flint, new species (Figs. 9-11)

This species is most closely related to 5". mohri Ross but
differs in the undivided process of the terminal plate, the pres-
ence of a basal lobe on the genital hooks, and the much smaller
lateral plates.

The type was collected as a pupa on May 14, 1963, the adult
emerging 2 days later. The pupa was found on top of the
ground, probably pushed out of an adjacent crayfish burrow,
close to the stream above Swallow Falls.

MALE. — Length of forewing 10 mm. Coloration as in dreis-
bachi. Ninth sternum very narrow with some short hair me-
sally, laterally curving posteriad and ending beneath lateral
plates. Lateral plates small, ovoid, with many short setae.
Genital plate consisting of a pair of whip-like apical blades
about 3 times as long as rounded basal lobe. Terminal plate
short and broad, with a single, long, slender process arising
from venter near apex.

Holotype male: Maryland, Garrett County, Swallow Falls
State Park near Oakland, May 14, 1963, P. J. Spangler.
USNM 67076.

The following represent new state records and are based on
material in the United States National Museum.

Sialis americana (Ramb.)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. — Washington, June 25, 1921, H. S.
Barber, 1 J1. VIRGINIA. — Nansemond County, Dismal Swamp,
July 6-7, 1962, O. S. Flint, 3^4$.

Sialis hasta Ross

ARKANSAS. — Garland County, creek on route 270, 2 miles
east of Montgomery County boundary, April 7, 1963, B. C.
Marshall, 1 J1.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13

Sialis infumata Newman

VIRGINIA. — Fauquier County, Broad Run at Thorofare Gap,
April 29, 1962, O. S. Flint, 1 J1.

Sialis iola Ross

VIRGINIA. — Montgomery County, June 1, 1901, E. A. Smyth
Collection, !<?!?.

Sialis itasca Ross

GEORGIA.— Atlanta, May 21, 1936, P. W. Fattig, 1 J1. MARY-
LAND.— Plummers Island, June 12, 1919, Schwarz & Barber, 1 J\
7-locks (Montgomery County), June 2, 1919, H. S. Barber, 1 J.
MINNESOTA. — Pine County, 3 miles east of Pine City, Tune 7,
1949, S. I. Parfin, 1 <?.

Sialis joppa Ross

^ MARYLAND.— Silver Spring, May 1, 1954, L. Walkley, 1 J1.
VIRGINIA. — Shenancloah National Park, Skyline Drive mile-
post 71.5, May 20, 1961, O. S. Flint, 1 <j\

Sialis mohri Ross

ARKANSAS. — Montgomery County, Upper Lake Ouachita,
near Washita, April 7, 1963, B. C. Marshall, 97^$$ (swarm-
ing over lake by the thousands) ; same but May 5, 1963, 2 $ 2 5.
OKLAHOMA. — Stillwater, April 2, 1950, 1 J1. "

Sialis vagans Ross

CONNECTICUT.— Silver Mine, June 1, 1938, G. P. Englehardt,
1 g. Stamford, April, 1942, Bartlett Tree Research Labora-
tory Collection, 1 J1. GEORGIA. — Newman, April 28, 1931,
P. W. Fattig, 1 J1. VIRGINIA. — Lignum, beside stream, April
21, 1951, A. B. Gurney, 1 ^.

REFERENCES CITED

Ross, H. H. 1937. Nearctic alder flies of the genus Sialis (Megalop-
tera, Sialidae). Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23: 57-78.

TOWNSEND, L. H. 1939. A new species of Sialis (Megaloptera, Siali-
dae) from Kentucky. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 41 : 224-226.

14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

Some Tramp Ants of Old World Origin Collected

in Tropical Brazil

WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR., Department of Entomology,

Cornell University

Of the numerous ant species that have been widely distrib-
uted over the earth by human commerce, most are Old World
in origin. Notable exceptions are the fire ant, Solenopsis gemi-
nata, and the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis, both from
the Neotropical Region originally.

Judging from the literature, one would suppose that tramp
ants of Old World origin had gained little or no foothold on the
mainland of tropical South America. However, a collecting
trip made by the writer to Brazil in August and September,
1962, has incidentally furnished five records of Old World
tramp ants from the tropical heartland of the South American
continent. All of the collections were made in buildings of rather
recent construction, a situation in which native ants of the Neo-
tropical fauna were rarely found in the areas visited.
Tetramorium guineense, Monomoriwn pharaonis and Paratre-
china longicornis were found in large numbers nesting and
foraging in the top main (tenth) floor of the IAPETC Building
in Manaus, Amazonas, where the Monomoriwn at least was a
serious pest, being attracted to all foodstuffs, soap and to water
in the washbasins. One morning, a large colony of P. longi-
cornis was found to have occupied some damp, freshly laun-
dered underclothing that had been spread overnight to dry on
a windowsill; this colony had at least 10 dealate females and
much brood.

Tapinoma melanocephalum was found foraging in files in the
airport building at Sao Luis, Maranhao. (This small species
occasionally becomes a pest even in temperate parts of North
America. A case of infestation was drawn to my attention by
a resident of Lexington, Massachusetts, U. S. A. The T.
melanocephalum had been carried from Florida to Massachu-
setts in a souvenir comic head carved from a coconut still in
its husk, and it became established in the house before its pres-

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15

ence in the coconut was noticed. The Tapinoma apparently
completely routed a resident population of Tetramorium caespi-
t mil from the house, and were themselves eradicated by the
owner only with difficulty.)

Far up the Amazon (Solimoes) River, where Brazil, Peru
and Colombia all come together,' Monomorinm floricola was
found nesting in the crevices of a wooden building on the
grounds of the hospital at Benjamin Constant.

New Exotic Crane-Flies (Tipulidae: Diptera).

Part VIII

CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts 1

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 74 : 99-106, 1963. In this paper I am
continuing the discussion of the Hexatomine crane-flies of India
and Pakistan, based on the very extensive series of these flies
taken chiefly in the Himalaya and in Manipur by Fernand
Schmid, to whom I extend my deepest thanks.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) coracina, new species

General coloration black, subnitidous ; antennae of male elon-
gate ; halteres yellow, apex of knob weakly infuscated ; legs
black, femoral bases very narrowly yellowed; wings brownish
yellow, clearer yellow basally, with a restricted pale brown pat-
tern ; cell M! lacking ; male hypopygium with both dististyles
produced into slender rods ; apex of gonapophysis expanded into
a triangular pale blade.

cf. Length about 6.5-6.6 mm; wing 7.5-8 mm ; antenna about
2.5-2.6 mm.

$. Length about 6-6.5 mm; wing 7-8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dull black. Antennae black throughout,
elongate in male ; flagellar segments oval, with a dense white

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Massachusetts.

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

pubescence additional to the sparse short verticils. Head black,
subnitidous; anterior vertex broad.

Thoracic notum black, surface subnitidous, pronotum more
opaque. Pleura black, subopaque. Halteres yellow, apex of
knob weakly infuscated. Legs black, the femoral bases very
narrowly yellowed. Wings brownish yellow, base clearer yel-
low; a restricted pale brown pattern, including clouds at origin
of Rs, cord, outer end of cell 1st M2 and, in cases, along basal
section of vein Cu^ on both sides of the vein ; a smaller seam on
Sc2 ; veins brownish yellow, a trifle darker in the patterned areas,
clear yellow in the basal region. Venation : Scl ending opposite
fork of Rs, Sc.2 near the tip; R2 + 3 + 4 from two to three times the
basal section of R5 ; cell M: lacking; ni-cu before midlength
of 71/3 +4.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, black. Ovipositor with
valves elongate, horn-yellow. Male hypopygium with posterior
border of tergite gently bilobed, the emargination very shallow ;
sternite produced into a broad lobe, apex truncate, surface with
numerous setae and setulae. Both dististyles enlarged basally,
the outer style produced into a slender rod that is provided with
numerous delicate setae; inner style with prolongation shorter,
nearly glabrous, with only a few scattered punctures. Apex of
gonapophysis expanded into a triangular pale blade, the inner
apical angle acute.

Habitat. INDIA (Sikkim). Holotypc: g, Yedang, 10,600
feet, in Rhododendron association, June 9, 1959 (Fernand
Schmid). Allotopotype: $, pinned with type. Paratopotypes:
6$$, with the type. Paratypes: JJ, Chachu, 9,500-9,950 feet,
May 17-21, 1959 (Fernand Schmid).

The only other described regional member of the subgenus is
LimnophUa (Prionolabis) fletcheri Senior- White, which differs
in the unpatterned wings and, especially, in the structure of the
male hypopygium, particularly the dististyles, gonapophysis and
aedeagus. Senior-White describes the antennae of his species
as being short in both sexes but these are elongate in the male,
as in the present species. Other generally similar Palaearctic
species include L. (P.) cognata Lackschewitz of Europe and

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NENYS 17

L. (P.) Victor Alexander and L. (P.) poliochroa Alexander of
western China.

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) pterosticta, new species

Size medium (wing of male to 9 mm) ; general coloration of
thorax brownish yellow, scarcely patterned; legs yellow; wings
light yellow, all cells with abundant pale brown dots that form
several broken ocelli ; male hypopygium with outer dististyle
entirely glabrous, inner style very stout ; phallosome as in the
subgenus, including narrow paddlelike gonapophyses and the
slender aedeagus, its tip decurved.

J\ Length about 7-7.5 mm ; wing 8-9 mm ; antenna about
1.4-1.5 mm.

5. Length about 8.5-9.5 mm; wing 8-10 mm.

Rostrum brownish gray; palpi dark brown. Antennae with
scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum pale brown or yellow-
ish brown; proximal four flagellar segments enlarged beneath,
as in the subgenus ; outer segments oval, shorter than the verti-
cils. Head brownish gray, moderately narrowed behind ; ante-
rior vertex broad, about four times the diameter of the scape.

Pronotal scutum yellowish brown, scutellum clearer yellow.
Mesonotal praescutum and scutum light grayish brown to
brownish yellow, scarcely patterned; postnotum and pleura
slightly darker brown, dorsopleural region more yellowed. Hal-
teres yellow, knobs light brown. Legs with coxae and tro-
chanters yellow ; remainder of legs yellow, terminal two tarsal
segments dark brown, femoral tips not darkened ; legs with long
conspicuous yellow setae. Wings light yellow, prearcular and
costal fields clear yellow ; all cells with abundant pale brown
dots that form more or less distinct broken ocelli at origin of
Rs, over anterior cord, m-cit, outer end of cell 1st M , outer
fork of M, end of vein 2nd A, and less evidently at ends of the
other longitudinal veins ; veins yellow, macrotrichia brown.
Macrotrichia on R2 + s, about the outer half of R4, most of R.,,
Mlt M2 and outer ends of M3 and M4, lacking on veins before
cord excepting R. Venation : h not clearly apparent ; Rs long ;
cell jl/j from about one and one-half to twice its petiole ; ui-cu
at near midlength of

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

Abdominal tergites light brown, sternites more yellowed ; hy-
popygium light brown. Male hypopygium with mesal face of
basistyle provided with numerous long yellow setae. Dististyles
terminal, the outer glabrous, slender, at apex bent at about a
right angle into a slightly curved blackened spine ; inner style
very stout, subrectangular in outline, the rounded apex recurved.
Phallosome including the elongate aedeagus, narrowed out-
wardly and strongly curved to the slender apex ; apophyses
appearing as narrow subtending pale glabrous paddles, as in
the subgenus.

Habitat. INDIA (Manipur). Holotype: J\ Sirhoi Kashong,
7,500 feet, July 11, 1960 (Fernand Schmid). Allotopotypc:
$. Paratopotypes-' 9 <§ $, with the types, June 9, July 12-13,
1960 (Fernand Schmid).

The present fly is one of numerous Oriental species that I
now am referring to the subgenus AfrolimnopJiila Alexander
(Ruwensori Expedition 1934-35, 1, no. 7: 284-285; 1956),
hitherto considered as being strictly Ethiopian in distribution.
The Oriental species include Limnophila (AfrolimnopJiila)
manipurensis Alexander, L. (A.} bicoloripes Alexander, L.
(A.) raoana Alexander, and several further species defined in
this paper, and very probably also Limnophila multipuncti-
pennis Brunetti and L. senior -whit ei Alexander, all distinguish-
able among themselves by the coloration of the body and legs
and especially the pattern of the wings. Outside the Indian
subregion, the Philippine L. (A.) petitions Alexander belongs
here and also very probably certain species from Malaya and
Borneo, as Limnophila guttnlata Edwards, L. murudcnsis Ed-
wards, and L. pendleburyi Edwards. All species of Afrolimno-
phila have the hypopygium with the outer dististyle entirely
glabrous and the phallosome, including both the aedeagus and
gonapophyses, of characteristic conformation. The typical sub-
genus Limnophila Macquart (Poecilostola Schiner) super-
ficially resembles the present subgenus in its patterned wings
and enlarged basal flagellar segments but has the male hypo-
pygium of quite different structure, with the outer dististyle
setiferous and the phallosome distinct.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) apicifusca, new species

General coloration gray; antennal scape black, gray pruinose,
flagellar segments yellow ; knobs of balteres darkened ; legs yel-
low, tips of femora broadly brownish black ; wings very pale
yellow with dark brown costal spots that involve both cells C
and Sc ; very abundant paler brown dots in all cells, arranged
as more or less complete ocelli at origin and fork of Rs and end
of 2nd A ; vein Sc long, Rs square and short-spurred at origin ;
cell M1 small, about one-half its petiole.

5- Length about 8 mm ; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum gray ; palpi black. Antennae with the elongate scape
black, gray pruinose, pedicel dark brown ; flagellar segments
obscure yellow, the outer ones a little darkened ; flagellar verticils
long and conspicuous. Head brownish gray.

Pronotum dark gray, a little infuscated mid-dorsally. Meso-
notum dark, light gray pruinose, discolored in type, presumably
with praescutal stripes. Pleura chiefly dark brown, sparsely
pruinose; dorsopleural membrane dusky. Halteres with stem
obscure yellow, knob weakly darkened. Legs with coxae brown ;
trochanters obscure yellow above, brown beneath ; femora and
tibiae yellow, tips of former conspicuously brownish black, of
the latter very narrowly so ; basitarsi yellow, tips very narrowly
infuscated ; remainder of tarsi broken. Wings with the ground
very pale yellow, base and costal region not differentiated; a
heavy brown spotted and dotted pattern that is about equal in
area to the ground ; three darker costal spots that include cell Sc
behind, the second above origin of Rs, the third at tip of 5V, ;
three further marginal spots, at RlJr*, ^3 and ^4, the second of
these larger ; a very narrow darkened seam over anterior cord ;
very abundant paler brown dots in all cells, those before cord
chiefly confluent ; areas at origin and fork of Rs and at end of
2nd A forming more or less complete ocelli, the first complete ;
veins light brown, more yellowed in the ground areas, especially
evident in the costal field. Venation : Sc long, 5c, ending
shortly beyond fork of Rs, Sc., near its tip ; Rs square and short-
spurred at origin; 7?2 longer than R^.2; R.2t:.^4 a little longer

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

than basal section of R-0 ; cell Ml small, about one-half the petiole ;
m-cu at or just beyond midlength of M3 + 4.

Abdomen dark brown ; apex broken.

Habitat. PAKISTAN. Holotype: 5, Kaghan, North West
Frontier Province, 6,688 feet, June 27, 1953 (Fernand Schmid).

Allied regional species include Limnophila (Afroliinnophila)
ptcrosticta, new species, L. (A.} pusan, new species, and L.
(A.} scabristyla, new species, all distinguished among them-
selves by the coloration of the legs and wings. In the present
fly, attention should be called to the fact that the costal darken-
ings of the wings involve both cells C and Sc.

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) perdelecta, new species

General coloration of thorax gray ; halteres light yellow ; legs
yellow, tips of femora vaguely more darkened ; wings pale yellow
with a scattered pale and darker brown spotted pattern that
forms about three narrow broken crossbands ; male hypopygium
with outer dististyle glabrous.

J1. Length about 6.8-7 mm ; wing 7.6-7.8 mm ; antenna about
1.2-1.3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae relatively short, dark
brown; proximal five flagellar segments more enlarged, as in
the subgenus, verticils of upper surface elongate, outer segments
more elongate, the verticils shorter. Head brownish gray with
a capillary darker brown vitta on vertex ; anterior vertex broad,
nearly four times the diameter of the scape ; setae of vertex long,
yellow, the posterior ones shorter and darker.

Prothorax gray. Mesonotum almost uniformly gray, the prae-
scutum with two scarcely indicated more brownish intermediate
stripes. Pleura clearer gray ; dorsopleural membrane buffy.
Halteres light yellow. Legs with coxae brownish gray; tro-
chanters brown ; remainder of legs yellow, tips of femora vaguely
more darkened, of tibiae narrowly but more evidently infuscated,
outer tarsal segments darkened ; legs with long setae. Wings
pale yellow, prearcular and costal regions more saturated yellow;
a scattered pale brown spotted pattern, including about eight
small darker brown spots along costal border ; other narrow dark

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21

seams over cord and outer end of cell 1st M2 ; a series of some-
what paler brown marginal spots at ends of all longitudinal veins,
including also one at midlength of cell 2nd A ; on disk a few still
paler brown spots, the whole pattern tending to form narrow
broken crossbands opposite origin of Rs and end of 2nd A, cord,
over the outer medial field and more brokenly nearer the wing
base ; veins yellow, light brown in the patterned areas. Vena-
tion : Sc\ ending about opposite fork of Rs, Sc2 near its tip ; R*
and Rl + 2 short, subequal ; cell Mi subequal to its petiole ; m-cu
beyond midlength of cell 1st M2.

Abdomen dark brown, hypopygium more yellowish brown.
Male hypopygium with posterior tergal border convexly rounded,
with both long and short setae and abundant microscopic setulae.
Basistyle with very long setae, the longest exceeding the outer
dististyle. Dististyles terminal; outer style glabrous, narrowed
gradually to the acute tip, inner style with basal lobe stout, apex
recurved. Gonapophyses appearing as simple pale paddlelike
blades. Aedeagus narrowed to the slender decurved apex.

Habitat. INDIA (Sikkim). Holotype: <$, Selep, 7,000 feet,
July 27, 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Paratypes: 3 JJ, Chumtang,
5,120 feet, July 18, 1959; 1 <?, Namnasa, 9,500 feet, July 13,
1959; 1 J1, Tena, 4,600 feet, August 1, 1959 (Fernand Schmid).

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) perddecta is readily told from
all other regional members of the subgenus by the nature of the
wing pattern. Limnophila asura Alexander is generally similar
but has the apex of the outer dististyle shallowly bifid and its
strict subgeneric position is uncertain. It may be found to be
desirable to slightly modify the subgeneric hypopygial characters
so as to accommodate this species in Afrolimnophila.

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) pusan, new species

General coloration of thorax light gray, praescutum with three
obscure orange stripes ; antennal flagellum yellow ; legs yellow ;
wings light yellow with a conspicuous spotted and semiocellate
brown pattern, the major ocelli with darkened centers; Rs long;
ovipositor with cerci very long and slender.

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

5. Length about 9 mm ; wing 8.5 mm.

Rostrum light brown, palpi darker. Antennae with scape and
pedicel light brown, flagellum yellow, the enlarged proximal four
or five segments clear light yellow, outer segments slightly
darker, elongate. Head light yellowish brown ; anterior vertex
broad.

Prothorax obscure yellow. Mesonotal praescutum light gray
with three obscure orange stripes, scutal lobes similarly pat-
terned ; scutellum yellowish gray, a little darker medially ; medio-
tergite gray. Pleura chiefly light yellow, more obscured dor-
sally. Halteres with stem obscure yellow, knob weakly darkened.
Legs with coxae brownish yellow ; remainder of legs light yellow,
only the outer two tarsal segments a little darker ; leg segments
with abundant long coarse yellow setae. Wings light yellow,
with a conspicuous spotted and semiocellate brown pattern, in
area subequal to or exceeding the ground ; larger brown mark-
ings at origin of Rs, fork of Rs and at midlength of outer radial
field, these appearing as large vague ocelli with darkened cen-
ters ; an open ocellus over outer end of cell 1st M2 ; cell C with
about 18 transverse brown lines, narrower than the interspaces;
over most of wing the smaller markings appear as subcircular
spots or dots, in cell M and outer medial field more confluent;
veins yellow, not darkened in the patterned areas. Longitudinal
veins beyond cord with macrotrichia, lacking on ^2 + 3 + 4, M3+4
and C-n^. Venation : Sc long, Sc^ ending just before fork of
•^2 + 3 + 4> Sc2 near its tip; Rs long; cell M1 about one-half longer
than its petiole; m-cu at near one-third M3 + 4.

Abdominal tergites light brown, sternites more yellowed.
Ovipositor with cerci very long and slender, nearly straight.

Habitat. INDIA (Kumaon). Holotypc- $, Khumyara, Pauri
Gahrwal, 4,300-5,000 feet, May 3, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

The most similar species is Limnophila (Ajrolimnophila)
ptcrosticta, new species, of Manipur, which has the coloration
of the body and appendages much the same, differing evidently
in the wing pattern, the spotted and dotted brown pattern being
much more abundant, with the ocellate markings open.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) scabristyla, new species

Size medium (wing of male about 6.5 mm) ; general colora-
tion of head and thorax brown, pleura darker ; antennal flagellum
yellowed ; legs light yellow ; wings very pale yellow with sub-
equal pale and darker brown transverse areas, more extensive
and confluent in outer radial field, wing tip narrowly pale yellow ;
male hypopygium with outer dististyle relatively short and stout,
the outer fourth with numerous appressed spinulae; aedeagus
relatively stout.

$. Length about 6 mm ; wing 6.4 mm ; antenna about 1.3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel
brown, flagellum yellowed ; proximal flagellar segments as in
the subgenus, lower face slightly produced, without verticils ;
outer segments progressively lengthened, the intermediate ones
shorter than their verticils. Head dark brown.

Thorax of unique type partly destroyed by fungi ; notum yel-
lowish brown, posterior sclerites and pleura dark brown. Hal-
teres dark brown. Legs with coxae dark brown ; remaining
segments light yellow, terminal tarsal segment darkened ; vesti-
ture long, subappressed. Wings with ground very pale yellow,
subequal in area to the abundant small brown transversely
spotted pattern, these areas larger and becoming confluent in
outer radial field, the smaller paler brown lines transverse, oc-
curring in all cells ; narrow complete pale brown bands at origin
of Rs and over cord, completely traversing the wing; darkened
pattern not or scarcely ocelliform as in some related species ;
wing apex in cells R4 and R. pale yellow ; subcostal interspaces
light yellow ; veins light brown, a little darker in the patterned
areas. Venation : 6'c1 ending about opposite the fork of Rs.
Sc2 near its tip; -^o + 3 + 4 subequal to basal section of R^ ; cell M,
about one-half longer than its petiole; m-cu at near one-third

Abdomen, including hypopygium, dark brown. Male hypo-
pygium with the tergite transverse, posterior border gently con-
vex, darkened by numerous microscopic black setulae, with many
very long yellow setae interspersed. Dististyles terminal ; outer
style relatively short and stout, very gradully narrowed to the

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

acute tip, before apex with numerous appressed spinulae to pro-
duce a scabrous appearance ; inner style very short and broad,
apex obtuse, surface with numerous long yellow setae. Gona-
pophyses appearing as slender pale blades, the tips narrowly
obtuse. Aedeagus relatively stout.

Habitat. INDIA (Sikkim). Holotype: <$, Manu, 4,920 feet,
August 5, 1959 (Fernand Schmid).

In its general appearance the present fly is most similar to
species such as Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) pterosticta, new
species, which differs in coloration of the body, legs and wings,
and especially in hypopygial structure, including the outer
dististyle.

The W. H. Edwards Types of Hesperiidae Lost on
the "S.S. Pomerania" in 1878.*

F. MARTIN BROWN, Fountain Valley School,
Colorado Springs, Colo.

In recent years attention has been called to the loss of certain
type specimens of Hesperiidae described by William Henry
Edwards at the time the "S.S. Pomerania" sank in the English
Channel late in 1878. Remington (1947) quoted the Secre-
tary's minutes of the meeting of the Cambridge (Massachusetts)
Entomological Club for 13 December 1878. At that time Hagen
reported that the shipment lost on the "Pomerania" included
"the types of 70 rare species of Hesperia." Brown (1962)
pointed out that Edwards had described only 58 species of
Hesperiidae by the end of 1878 and that Hagen probably re-
ferred to typical rather than type specimens, since many of
Edwards's early types of Skippers are known.

I recently had made a photo-copy of Edwards's manuscript
"Entomological Journal." This consists of about 5,000 pages
of notes in 24 bound volumes. Page 238 of volume H carries

* My studies of the types established by W. H. Edwards is being sup-
ported by National Science Foundation grant GB-194.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 25

Edward's memorandum of the loss of material on the "Pome-
rania." I quote it here verbatim :

"1878 Oct. 25. Put up for Dr. Speyer to be returned to me
a small box of uniques, viz. 1 Zampa, 1 Eos, 1 Nysa, 1
Comus, 1 Nessus, 1 Pirus, 1 Aenus and 1 Comma var. un-
known, Oregon J1 : and one mashed ? Sylvanus Bois. 2539
of H. Edw. These go to Mr. Lintner next week with other
things.

"Dec. 2, 1878. I hear today from Mr. Litner that the above
are on the bottom of the English Channel in the lost ship
Pommerania [sic]. This is the 4th misadventure I have had
in sending out uniques. One invoice to Scudder was burned
in an express car. One to Behr never reached him and one
to H. Edwards was smashed and the insects destroyed."

From these entries in Edwards' journals it is evident that
the 7 lost specimens acquired a 0 in Hagen's report.

I have long suspected from reading several thousand letters
written by Edwards to other entomologists that he used the
words "unique" and "type" with different connotations than we
use today. His use of "unique" is equivalent to our use of
"type." His use of "type" is equivalent to our use of "typical."
A check of the original descriptions of the Hesperiidae noted
above showed me that in four cases the name was based upon
two or more specimens. In the other three the types were
unique. Edwards' Hesperia eos was based upon a male "in the
collection of the Mus. Comp. Anat. Cambridge." His ncrcus
and zampa each were based upon single specimens in his own
collection.

Thus it seems that only two, possibly three, types of Hes-
periidae were lost with the sinking of the "Pomerania." My
studies of Edwards's' types have not yet reached the stage where
I can say authoritatively that the others are extant or not.

REFERENCES

BROWN, F. M. 1962. Notes about the types of some butterflies described
by William Henry Edwards. Entom. News 73 : 265-268.

REMINGTON, C. 1947. The third item under "Miscellany" The Lepidop-
terists' News 1 : 83.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1964

A Note on Rygchium leucomelas (Saussure) in
Trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hym. : Vespidae)

JOHN.T. MEDLER1

Six nests of Rygchium leucomelas were found in trap-nests
in Wisconsin during 1952-62. All were obtained in 1954-56
from Ashland and Bayfield Counties in the northernmost part
of the state, except one nest from Manitowoc County, which is
east-central. These counties border either Lake Superior or
Lake Michigan. The six nests represented 1.8 per cent of the
326 trap-nests utilized by eumenid wasps during 1954-56. The
species was not found in numerous trap-nests placed in northern
habitats during 1952-53, or in the central and southern parts
of the state during 1957-62.

Five of the nests had been completed, as they were each
plugged with clay at the orifice of the 6-inch hole bored in the
soft pith of the sumac-stem trap. The sixth nest had been con-
structed in front of a 2-cell Megachile sp. nest, which had been
plugged with 12 mm of leaf pieces 95 mm deep in the hole. The
wasp nest had two cells, each with double partitions, but there
was no orifice plug. Cell 1 contained a pigmented pupa when
opened on August 14, and a female emerged on August 17.
Cell 2 was empty.

The completed nests each showed the typical Rygchium archi-
tecture of linear cells, double clay partitions, and an empty
vestibule next to the orifice plug, as described for R. forami-
natum (Saussure) by Medler (1963). The measurements on
cells and intercalary spaces of three nests are given in Table 1.
Nest 3 was of special interest because it had the normal se-
quence of females in first-made cells, and was terminated by a
male in the last cell. Cell 4 was parasitized by a female Chrysis
coerulans Fab. Not included in the table was nest 4, which had

1 Professor of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis-
consin. This work was supported in part by the Research Committee of
the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin from funds supplied
by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

two cells similar to nest 2 ; and nest 5, with only one cell from
which a female wasp was reared.

TABLE 1. Lengths of cells and spaces (mm) in nests of Rygchium
leucomelas, with sex of reared wasps

Construction

Nest 1

Nest 2

Nest 3

Diameter

6.25

7.8

Cell 1

20 — empty

36—9

17—9

Space 1

Cell 2

18 — not reared

13 — not reared

15—9

Space 2

Cell 3

16—9

31 — empty

16 — not reared

Space 3

Cell 4

16 — Chrysis coerulans 9

Space 4

CellS

8— c?

Space 5

Vestibule

Plug

Life history data were fragmentary because of the small num-
ber of nests. All nests contained wasps of a summer generation,
as adults were reared during the last of July or early August.
Caterpillars were used for provisioning, and 9, 9 and 4 individ-
uals were recorded in three cells. Fourteen days elapsed from
the time a cocoon was started until the adult female emerged.
Nest 3 was opened on July 15 and the cell contents incubated
at 27° C. Cells 1 and 2 contained pupae from which adults
emerged on July 26 and 28. Cells 3, 4 and 5 had fully devel-
oped larvae. The larva in cell 3 died, but those in 4 and 5 spun
cocoons on July 17. The parasite and the male wasp emerged
on July 28.

The mean head width of seven reared females was 3.19 ± .34,
range 2.8-3.8 mm. The head width of the single male was
2.5 mm.

LITERATURE CITED

MEDLER, J. T. 1963. Biology of Rygchium foramiiuitnm (Saussure) in
Trap-nests in Wisconsin. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56: (in press).

NOTICE. The December, 1963, issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL NE\VS was
mailed at the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., on December 5, 1963.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

FEBRUARY 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 2

CONTENTS

Grant — A ne\v phaneropterine genus from South America 29

Crabill — On the nature of Schizotaenia (Chilopoda) 33

Baker — Vidla cooremani, a new species (Acarina) 43

Scott— Collembola of New Mexico, Part XII 47

Hewitt — Poecilotettix sanguineus distribution (Orth.) 54

Notes and News in Entomology

Winter Stoneflies 54

J. C. Chamberlin (1892-1962) 55

Journal of Medical Entomology 55

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXV FEBRUARY, 1964 No. 2

A New Phaneropterine Genus from South
America (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) a

HAROLD J. GRANT, JR., Department of Insects, The Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

In a forthcoming revision of the genus Ceraia (Proc. Ac ad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 116, in press) several species are removed
to other genera. One of these, C. sebrata Brunner, requires
recognition of a new genus which is described below.

The figures were competently executed by Mary Fuges.

PERCYNA new genus

Type-species. — Ceraia sebrata Brunner.

Relationship. — Among South American phaneropterines,
Percyna is more similar to Ectemna and Euthyrrhachis than
to any others. On this basis, a relationship is presumed. The
form of the fastigium of the vertex, pronotum, and female ovi-
positor are the points of greatest similarity. Percyna differs
strongly from these genera in form of the male external geni-
talia, female subgenital plate, and shape and venation of the
anterior wings.

Diagnosis. — Fastigium of vertex laterally compressed, raised,
anteriorly and dorsally sulcate. Pronotal disc with a broad,
velvety-black band at posterior border. Anterior wings with
alternating green and creamy-white bands.

Male. Tenth abdominal tergite extended in two long arms,

1 This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foun-
dation— GB-1374, which is here gratefully acknowledged.

(29)

I1SIIIL1

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

each apically compressed, with minute teeth on apical border
(Fie. 2).

Female. Subgenital plate thickened ; apically emarginate ;
with a longitudinal, mid-ventral carina (Fig. 3).

Description. Head. — Vertex weakly domed, higher than the
dorsal surface of the eyes. Fastigium of vertex laterally com-
pressed, somewhat elevated, distinctly sulcate dorsally and on
anterior face. Fastigium of frons bluntly trigonal in frontal
aspect, apex proximate to ventral base of fastigium of vertex.
Facial profile markedly emarginate in region of clypeal-frontal
suture. Eyes approximately spherical ; protrusive.

Pronotum. — Surface uneven, without punctations. Disc
about 1.3 times longer than wide (greatest proportions) ; some-
what sellate; with the lateral carinae displaced ventrad as a
ridge across the upper face of the lateral lobes ; surface of disc
rounding off into lateral lobes ; anterior border weakly concave ;
posterior border arcuate ; greatest width of disc across anterior
end. Lateral lobes longer (anterior to posterior) than deep;
the displaced lateral carina of disc appearing as a blunt, longi-
tudinal ridge in upper third; this carina interrupted at mid-
point and in posterior third by sulci which run toward, but do
not reach, the disc ; ventral border pronouncedly flared ectad ;
outline as in FIG. 1.

Wings. — Anterior wings elongate, narrow, about 5.7 times
longer than wide. With simple venation (FiG. 1) ; vein Rs
arising well beyond the mid-point of R ; vein Rs branching well
beyond its own mid-point, not joining MA directly, the joining
effected by a cross vein ; apex rounded. Male stridulating field
(left anterior wing) with Cu., thickened, extending across
entire field.

Legs. — Anterior coxal spine present. Anterior femora
slender; without spines along outer ventral border (except for
minute, distal spinule normally present) ; with 2-3 small spines
along inner ventral border. Median femora elongate, slender;
with 2-3 spines along outer ventral border and 0-1 spine along
inner ventral border. Posterior femora about 7.4-9.7 times
longer than wide ; with 4-7 spines along outer ventral border

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

and 5-7 spines along inner ventral border. Posterior tibiae
with two apical spurs on either side.

External genitalia. — Male. Tenth abdominal tergite pro-
jecting posteriorly, posterolaterally extending as two long proc-
esses each laterally compressed at the apex, the compressed

FIGS. 1-3. Pcrcyna zcbrata (Brunner). FIG. 1, female; FIG. 2, tip
of abdomen, male type, dorsoposterior view ; FIG. 3, female subgenital
plate, ventral view.

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

areas inturned and minutely toothed along their borders. Cerci
simple, elongate, reducing in diameter distad and there incurved ;
apex a simple, acute, sclerotic tooth. Subgenital plate short;
apically deeply emarginate; short styles present (Fie. 2).

Female. Tenth abdominal tergite projecting posteriorly; api-
cally deeply emarginate. Ovipositor strongly upturned; api-
cally acute ; dorsal and ventral valves finely toothed as indicated
in FIG. 1 ; outer face of dorsal valves with a few minute, spinate
projections; base of dorsal valves conspicuously swollen. Sub-
genital plate thickened, fleshy in appearance ; apex deeply and
broadly emarginate ; with a marked, mid-longitudinal ventral
carina (Fie. 3).

Color. — Base color green. Lateral lobes of pronotum with
the displaced lateral discal carina a light brown. Posterior
border of pronotal disc velvet-black. Anterior wings with
alternating green and creamy-white bands.

Distribution. — The genus is known only from the indefinite
locality "Peru."

Percyna zebrata (Brunner), new combination

Ceraia zebrata Brunner, 1891, Verb. k-k. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien 41:131. Type.— ^, "PERU." [Polish Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Warsaw.]

A single additional specimen, a female, from "Peru" has also
been examined. This specimen may have been examined by
Brunner, but it was never recorded by him. It is in the collec-
tions of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Measurements (in mm), $ type first. — Total length (frons
to wing tip), 39, 45.8; length of pronotum, 4.5, 4.9; width of
pronotum, 3.4, 4 ; length of posterior femur, 21.1, 24.1 ; width of
posterior femur, 2.2, 3.2; length of anterior wing, 30.7, 34.2;
width of anterior wing, 5.7, — ; length of ovipositor, 6.6.

1XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 33

On the True Nature of Schizotaenia, with Notes on

Contingent Matters l (Chilopoda : Geo-

philomorpha : Chilenophilidae)

RALPH E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National
Museum, Washington, D. C.

In April, 1896 (p. 73) O. F. Cook proposed a new Liberian
genus and species, Schizotaenia prognatha, but failed to charac-
terize it in any manner ; the new name was therefore a women
nudum. His simultaneous designation of prognatha as type-
species of Schizotaenia has no validity either, the names having
been still-born. Sometime after July 21st of that year Fasicle
VIII of Brandt ia appeared, and in it he did describe Schizo-
taenia validly (p. 35, key), referring seven species to it (p. 38) :
prognatha, sp.n., quadrisulcata (Porath), suppar, sp.n., vara,
sp.n., aeqiialis (Porath), porosa (Porath), ungiticulata (Po-
rath). Since he presented characterizations for the new genus
and species, they must be considered to have been proposed
validly in Brandtia and not in the earlier publication. In Brand-
tia, however, Cook failed to designate a type-species.

Subsequently, ignoring the original content of the genus, at
different times Silvestri, Verhoeff, and Attems referred other
species to Schizotaenia. Silvestri began this trend, most notably
in his important work on the Chilean fauna in 1905, with his
inclusion within Schizotaenia of alacer (Pocock) and psilopa
(Attems) ; as we shall see, neither is congeneric with prognatha.
In the 1905 publication Silvestri did not fix a type-species for
Schizotaenia. Finally, he cited Attems' magellanica as a junior
synonym of alacer, a synonymy which Attems declined to accept
in his 1929 monograph of the Geophilomorpha. At that time
Attems summarized the genus, listing the following as being

1 This study was undertaken with the aid of a grant from the National
Science Foundation. I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues
and the authorities of the following institutions, in which facilities and
specimens were generously placed at my disposal for study: Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge; British Museum
(Natural History), London; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Zoo-
logisches Staatsinstitut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg.

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

valid and congeneric species within it : Scolioplanes magellanicus
Attems, 1897, Geophilus alacer Pocock, 1891, Schendyla psilopa
Attems, 1897, Geophilus schauinslandi Attems, 1903, Mesolep-
todon laetus Chamberlin, 1920, and Philosogus oligus Chamber-
lin 1920. In addition he stated that Schizotaenia magellanica
was the type-species of the genus. Implicit in all of this was
Attems' view that Schizotaenia was a member of the Pachy-
meriinae and morphologically very similar to Eurytion and
Pachymerinus.

From the foregoing account it must be clear that magellanica
was never available as a possible type-species of Schizotaenia
because it was not among the species originally included in the
genus. The type-species of a genus is a name on paper ; it is
not a material object. Furthermore, the type-species of a genus
can only be one of the names referred to the genus at the time
of its valid proposal. Therefore Attems' selection of magella-
nica as type-species of Schizotaenia is not admissible.

In his 1962 work on the Chilean Chilopoda Chamberlin legiti-
mately fixed the type-species of Schizotaenia; by his subsequent
designation (p. 4) it is S. prognatha Cook. His action is in
accord with the expressed wishes of Dr. Cook, but in addition
it clarifies the suprageneric position of the genus, locating it
within the Chilenophilinae 2 and removing it from the Pachy-
meriinae, where it was clearly misplaced. Schizotaneia is
closely similar to the chilenophilines Ribautia and Polygonarea
but not at all similar to Eurytion and Pachymerinus, which are
good representative pachymeriines.

Chamberlin's action in 1962 seemed to him to leave the species
previously referred by Attems to Schizotaenia without a generic
name. Accordingly he proposed a new one, Cryotion, and des-
ignated magellanicus as its type-species. At the same time he
excluded two other available and supposedly suitable generic
names, Philosogus Chamberlin, 1920, and Mesoleptodon Cham-
berlin, 1920, by attempting to show that they are generically
different from Cryotion and Eurytion. Their type-species are

2 I am following Chamberlin and not Attems here. Attems' Chileno-
philinae + Pachymerinae = Chamberlin's Chilenophilidae, with two sub-
families, Chilenophilinae and Pachymeriinae.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 35

indeed not congeneric with tnagellanicus. In 1936 (p. 58)
Archey showed that laetus, the type-species of Mesoleptodon,
properly belongs to Maoriella Attems, 1903, a distinct and valid
generic entity. I have examined the types and concur with
Archey. I have also examined the type of Philosogus oligus
Chamberlin, 1920, type-species of its genus, and find it to be
conspecific with Zelanion antipodus (Hutton, 1877), whose
type I have seen in the British Museum (New Synonymy). It
follows that Philosogus Chamberlin, 1920, is the junior sub-
jective synonym of Zelanion Chamberlin, 1920.

When Chamberlin proposed Cryotion for the reception of
magcllanicus and congeners, he overlooked an earlier available
generic name, Schendyloides Attems, 1897, whose type-species
is Schcndyla (Schendyloides} psilopa Attems, 1897 (mono-
basic). I have examined the types of magellanicus at Hamburg,
of psiolap at Vienna, and of alacer at London, from which I
conclude the following : ( 1 ) alacer is the senior synonym of
magellanicus, as Silvestri correctly guessed. (2) My lectotype
of psilopa is congeneric but not conspecific with alacer. (3)
Therefore, since magellanicus (= alacer) is the type-species of
Cryotion, and since psilopa (lectotype) is the type-species of
Schendyloides, and since the two type-species are congeneric,
then it follows that Schendyloides Attems, 1897, is the subjec-
tive senior synonym of Cryotion Chamberlin, 1962 (New
Synonymy). The fact that Schendyloides is valid, being
founded upon Schendyla, the type-genus of an entirely different
family, is unfortunate, but it has of course no bearing upon the
selection or rejection of Schendyloides as a generic name within
Chilenophilidae.

This, then, clarifies the suprageneric positions, type-species,
and to an extent the zoological contents of Schizotacnia and
Schendyloides. Although contributing to the resolution of
these problems, the Chamberlin paper of 1962 inadvertently lent
a new element of confusion to our understanding of the zoologi-
cal content of Schisotaenia because, as I shall attempt to show
now, his redescription of prognatha, type-species of Schho-
tacnia, is in error.

Chamberlin's new description of prognatha was based upon

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

certain figures sent to him by Cook : he explains this on page 4.
He reproduced some of the Cook figures (Fig. 42-45, Plate
VII) but deleted two showing the most posterior body segments.

As Chamberlin supposed, the Cook figures must have been
prepared from microscopical preparations, which now cannot be
found among the other Cook slides in the collection of the United
States National Museum. None the less, we do have 13 com-
plete and 3 fragmentary syntypes in alcohol, all clearly labelled
Schisotaenia prognatha in Cook's own handwriting. Therefore
his composite description (p. 38) must have been made from
these as well as from the missing specimen on the slide.

According to Chamberlin's characterization of prognatha, the
critical generic features are supposed to be as follows (p. 1, key,
couplet 3) : "Three coxal pores, two large and one small on each
side ; median piece of labrum with teeth numerous and very fine ;
both penult and last legs lacking true claws and both with well
developed setose pretarsi. . . ." And yet in every one of the
Cook syntypes I find the following to be true : ( 1 ) Each coxo-
pleuron has only two pores. (2) The ultimate pretarsus is
tuberculate and setose. (3) The penult pretarsus is strictly
claw-like, not in the slightest tuberculate and setose. It seems
clear that in such cases the court of ultimate appeal must always
be the type specimens themselves, so that we can only be guided
by what Cook's type series shows and not by what he wrote or,
in this instance, may have figured in error.

The Cook figures that Chamberlin published agree with the
Cook syntypes before me, but in no syntype are there more than
two pores per coxopleuron, and in none is the penultimate pre-
tarsus tuberculate. The Cook description was composite ; there
was no holotype. Therefore, any member of the syntypical
series is available as a lectotype, which means that we are not
bound to accept as definitive the information recently published
by Chamberlin. My firm suspicion is that Cook erred some-
how, inadvertently figuring parts of two different species. It
seems quite probable that the figure showing a coxopleuron with
three pores was made, not from a specimen of prognatha, rather
from a specimen of Ribautia vara or unguiculata, or even of

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37

some other species of Ribautia, a genus close to Schizotaenia
and well-represented in West Africa.

With respect to the reportedly tuberculate penult pretarsus,
only two explanations come to mind. The character is erroneous
and does not exist: Possibly there was some mistake in the
labelling of figures. If that is not the case, then it is the hall-
mark of some as yet unknown genus and species. Whatever the
explanation is, the original syntypes of Cook do not exhibit
this feature.

Consequently I am unable to agree with Chamberlin in his
contention that the western African Schisotaenia Cook, 1896,
is generically different from the Brazilian Schisonampa Cham-
berlin, 1914. The type-species of the two are quite clearly con-
generic, and therefore Schisotaenia is the senior subjective
synonym of Schisonampa (New Synonymy). Furthermore,
on the basis of the original description of manni Chamberlin,
1914 (p. 214), it seems impossible to distinguish between it and
prognatha at the species level. However, the holotype of
manni cannot be located, and in this case I would not venture
to synonymize the two species on the basis of the original
description alone.

The presence of this genus in western Africa and eastern
South America is not surprising. It is known now that a
number of chilopod genera inhabit western Africa and the Neo-
tropics. A few probably represent the persisting ends of an
ancient continuum, but most, I feel, are to be explained on the
basis of rafting across the Atlantic. For a more detailed dis-
cussion the reader is referred to Crabill, 1960, pp. 167-170,
and Darlington, 1957, pp. 14-20.

Diagnosis of Schisotaenia

The following diagnostic features taken together will distin-
guish the genus from all other chilenophilids. First maxillary
coxosternal lappets absent ; telopodite lappets present. Second
maxillae: Coxosternites seperated by membranous isthmus,
prominent statuminia with concursive sutures present; second
and third telopodite articles each with a prominent distoectal

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

process. Prosternum: Pleuroprosternal sutures strictly lateral
and complete ; pleurograms present, nearly complete. Ventral
porefields absent. Each coxopleuron with two homogenous
pores. Ultimate leg with two tarsal articles ; pretarsus a promi-
nent, setose tubercle.

Redescription of Schizotaenia prognatha Cook
Lectotype

Male. Africa, Liberia, Mt. Coffee (ca. 17 miles N.E. of
Monrovia, 6° 01' N. Lat., 10° 42' W. Long.) ; June 1892.
U.S.N.M. Myriapod Catalogue: 2934. Myriapod Collection:
C-6.

INTRODUCTION. About 9 mm long. With 43 pedal segments.
Shape : Uniformly wide over anterior two-thirds of body, there-
after slightly attenuate. Color : Faded in alcohol, sordid brown ;
in original description Cook says "body whitish, head brown."
ANTENNA. Length (in balsam), 1.4 mm. Filiform, only very
slightly attenuate distally; articles 2-9 longer than wide, the
ultimate equalling the preceding two in length. Articles 1-8
or 9 with longer, sparse setae than those following. Ultimate
article on outside half distally with a few robust, inflated setae.
CEPHALIC PLATE. Length, 0.46 mm, greatest width, 0.32 mm ;
width to length -- 1:1.42. Shape: Nearly rectangular but sides
very slightly excurved, rear and front margins nearly straight.
Frontal suture extremely weak, nearly invisible. Prebasal plate
entirely covered. CLYPEUS. Paraclypeal complete, strong,
over posterior 3% of their course nearly straight. Clypeus as
bounded by these sutures wider than long (= 1:1.6). Clypeal
fenestra on anterior edge of plate, very small, vaguely distin-
guished by finer, more irregular areolation, with 4 inclusive
short setae ; clypeus otherwise with large areolate figures.
Without prelabral plagulae. Setae posterior to fenestra, 1 + 1,
1 + 1 ; prelabral setal pair absent. LABRUM. Midpiece large,
separating sidepieces, not at all overlapped by them, with a few
robust, dark teeth. Sidepieces with long hyaline filaments.
Fulcra long and very robust. FIRST MAXILLAE. Coxosternum
without lappets ; each telopodite with a long, scabrous lappet.

1XXVJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 39

SECOND MAXILLAE. The two coxosternites joined centrally
only by a non-areolate, membranous isthmus, hence, in effect,
"separated"; each coxosternite very long; pore aperture open
mesally ; statumen long and strongly sclerotized, laterally con-
cursive with its full length a prominent suture ; 3 without proc-
esses at base of telopodite mesally. Telopodite : Each article
short and robust, especially the first and third ; first article
without ventral condyle, dorsal condyle vestigial, with a long,
sharp process at distoectal corner ; second article with long,
sharp process at distoectal corner; pretarsus unguiform, very
long and robust, without serrulations. PROSTERNUM. Antero-
centrally with two distinct denticles. Pleuroprosternal sutures
passing forward on lateral margin and reaching anterior margin.
Pleurograms present, fine, very strongly digressive from pleuro-
prosternal sutures, nearly reaching condyles.4 PREHENSOR.
Very long and thin. When flexed, surpassing end of 1st an-
tennal article. Trochanteroprefemur : With two prominent,
long denticles, the distal one deeply pigmented and triangular ;
proximal denticles somewhat shorter than the distal, unpig-
mented. Second and third articles without denticles. Tarsun-
gula : Basally with a long, slightly recurved, deeply pigmented
denticle ; ungular blade with dorsal and ventral edges perfectly
smooth, not serrulate. Poison calyx very small, subcircular in
outline, the appendices long and pendent. Poison gland entirely
contained within the trochanteroprefemur. TERGITES. Basal
plate apparently without sulci. Remaining tergites (except the

3 This suture, which I here term the parastatuminial suture, has been
overlooked heretofore. It is a most valuable diagnostic criterion at the
generic and even suprageneric levels. It is never present unless a statu-
men is present, but more significantly, when the statumen is present, the
suture may or may not be present, depending upon the genus. For exam-
ple, Arctogcophihis has a statumen but no statuminial suture. This is
also the case in Gnathoribautia and Lcstophilus. By contrast, both the
statumen and its suture are present in Ribautia, Polygonarea, and
Schizotaenia.

4 In his key to the Chilenophilinae Attems (1929, p. 280) is in error
when he ascribes pleurograms ("Chitinlinien") to Ribautia but not to
Polygonarea (see couplet 5). They are prominent in both genera and,
indeed, are among their chief distinguishing characteristics.

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

ultimate) bisulcate. LEGS. Sparsely clothed with long, robust
setae. Pretarsi : Ungues long, thin, curved on distal half ;
parungues acicular, very short, approximately equal in length.
STERNITES. On anterior two-thirds of body each sternite with
a very deep and long midlongitudinal sulcus. Porefields absent ;
no subsurface glandular formations visible. Carpophagus-struc-
tures absent. Subcoxae with distinct subsurface glandular for-
mations discernible, but pores evidently absent. ULTIMATE
PEDAL SEGMENT : Pretergite transversely very wide ; bilaterally
not fissate. Tergite : Anterior width greater than length ; sides
slightly convergent posteriorly ; rear margin truncate. Sternite :
Very wide, the width taken at midlength far exceeding length;
posterior margin with numerous minute setae, these overlying
a densely glandular mass. Coxopleuron: Ventroposteriorly
swollen, this area densely setose and housing a densely glandular
mass ; with two large, concealed pore openings, each supplied by
a single, discrete, homogeneous, glandular mass. Leg. Mod-
erately inflated; about ^ longer than penult; the two tarsal
articles equal in length; pretarsus conspicuously tuberculate,
long, with adventive filaments. POSTPEDAL SEGMENTS. Male
gonopods long and narrow, very weakly bipartite. Anal pores
absent.

The Paralectotypes

The entire syntypical series was collected (we do not know
by whom) at Mt. Coffee, or the Muhlenberg Mission in the
vicinity of Mt. Coffee, at various times between December, 1891,
and March, 1895.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Schisotaenia prognatha Cook (Lectotype)

FIG. 1. Ultimate pedal segment ; ventral aspect ; setae deleted, a =
sternite. b = left coxopleuron. c = concealed pore-opening.

FIG. 2. Right prehensor and part of prosternum; ventral aspect; setae
deleted, a = pleurogram. b = pleuroprosternal suture.

FIG. 3. First and second maxillae ; ventral aspect ; setae deleted ; mem-
branous, non-areolate areas stippled, a = statumen. b = parastatuminial
suture.

FIG. 4. Labrum and left fulcrum.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

0— T

b—

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

The paralectotypes agree in all important particulars with the
lectotype described. In the females the ultimate legs are swollen
nearly as much as those of the males. The female gonopods are
flat and leaf-like, centrally united, and unipartite. Pedal seg-
ments: Males, 43 in 7 exx., 41 in 4 exx; Female, 43 in 1 ex.
In three specimens the rear of the body is detached or missing.
The longest of the specimens is about 11 mm. long. All are
in poor, some in very bad, condition.

REFERENCES CITED

ARCHEY, G. 1936. A revision of the Chilopoda of New Zealand. Rec.
Auckland Inst. Mus. 2: 43-70.

ATTEMS, CARL GRAF. 1897. Hamburger Magalhaenisische Sammelreise
(Myriopoden). Hamburg, pp. 1-8. 1929. Geophilomorpha. In,
Das Tierreicli, Lief. 52: 1-388.

CHAMBERLIN, R. V. 1914. The Chilopoda of Brazil. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. Harvard 58: 151-221. 1920. The Myriopoda of the Australian
Region. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 64: 3-269. 1962. Chilo-
pods secured by the Royal Society Expedition to Southern Chile in
1958-59. Univ. Utah Biol. Sen, 12(4) : 1-29.

COOK, O. F. 1896a. An arrangement of the Geophilidae, a family of
Chilopoda. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, pp. 63-75. (N.B. The date
given on the publication is 1895, but U. S. National Museum records
show that the actual date of issue was April 23, 1896.) 1896b. A
series of occasional papers on Diplopoda and other Arthropoda.
Brandtia, pp. 1-75.

CRABILL, R. E. 1960. Centipedes of the Smithsonian-Bredin Expedi-
tions to the West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Ill: 167-195.

DARLINGTON, P. J. 1957. Zoogeography. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., pp. 1-675.

SILVESTRI, F. 1905. Myriapoda, in Fauna Chilensis. Zool. Jahrb.
(Syst.), 3, Supplement 6: 715-772.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43

Vidia cooremani, a New Species of Saproglyphidae
from a Crabronine Wasp (Acarina)

EDWARD W. BAKER, Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res.
Serv., U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

In his studies on the biology of solitary bees and wasps, Dr.
K. V. Krombein, of the Entomology Research Division of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, has found many mites asso-
ciated with these insects (Baker and Cunliffe, 1960; Baker,
1962a; 1962b; Krombein, 1961; 1962a; 1962b, in press). His
recent studies on the wasp Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) pauci-
maculatus (Packard) from Plummers Island, Maryland, have
disclosed another mite and wasp association.

The genus Vidia Oudemans, 1905, is little known. Zachvat-
kin (1941) gave the first comprehensive review. Cooreman
(1948) described the larva, protonymph, hypopial nymph, and
female of Vidia concellaria, and discussed the genus. The new
species here described is named for Dr. Jean Cooreman who
has pioneered in the study of some of these mites and their
relation to bees and wasps.

Vidia cooremani, new species. (Fics. 1-5)

The hypopus of this species is similar to that of Vidia con-
cellaria Cooreman, 1948, but differs in that the solenidion of
tarsus I is of equal size throughout and not strongly thickened
distally. The suctorial plate is broader than long rather than
longer than broad. This mite is known only from the hypopial
nymph and protonymph.

Hypopus. Body dorsally with typical striation pattern for
genus, transverse on propodosoma and longitudinal on hystero-
soma. Gnathosoma represented by two tubercles supporting a
pair of strong setae ; lateral gnathosomal setae short and fine.
Sternum straight, short, free posteriorly ; apodemes of coxae II
also short and free posteriorly. Apodemes of coxae III and
IV united medially, posterior sternum long, straight. Apodemes
of suctorial plate rounded. Ventral body setae short, those an-

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Feb., 1964

FIG. 1. Vidia cooremani sp. n., hypopus, ventral view.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

FIGS. 2-5. Vidia cooreman sp. n. 2, leg I ; 3, leg II ; 4, leg III ; 5 leg IV.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

terior to suctorial plate very short. Sclerotized portion of dor-
sum bends ventrally between coxae II and III. Leg setae as
figured. Solenidion I rodlike; solenidion II clublike, broader
distally than at base. With a single lanceolate setae on tarsus
I and II respectively ; with four such setae on tarsus III ; none
on tarsus IV. Length of setae as figured. Length of body
248 /x; width 167 p..

Holotype. U. S. National Museum No. 2958, hypopus, ex
nest (61663X-2) of Ectemnius pancimaculatus (Packard) in
hibiscus stem, Plummers Island, Maryland, July 1, 1963, K. V.
Krombein. Paratypes. Eight hypopi with the above data.

Also studied was a series of hypopi taken from abdomen of
a male of the above wasp collected on Plummers Island, May
26, 1963, by K. V. Krombein.

Protonymphs were also collected in the nest material, but
are not described.

REFERENCES

BAKER, E. W., and F. CUNLIFFE. 1960. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 62:

209-231.
BAKER, E. W. 1962a. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 64 : 1-10.

-. 1962b. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 75: 227-236.
COOREMAN, J. 1948. Bull. Mus. roy. d'hist. Nat. Belg. XXIV (48) :

1-11.
KROMBEIN, K. V. 1961. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 51: 89-93.

. 1962a. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 64: 11-19.

— . 1962b. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 95 : 237-250.

. (In press.) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.

ZACHVATKIN, A. Z. 1961. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. new sen no.

28 [English translation. 1959, Ratcliffe, A., and A. M. Hughes.

Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci. 573 pp.].

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47

The Collembola of New Mexico. XII. Neelinae
and Sminthuridinae lf 2

HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 3

None of the nine species reported herein have previously been
recorded from New Mexico. Specimens will be deposited with
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Suborder SYMPHYPLEONA Borner, 1901

Body subglobose ; segmentation of thorax and abdomen indis-
tinct, although Abd V-VI may be clearly demarked as an anal
papilla ; collophore sacs usually long and filamentous ; anal spines
absent.

Family SMINTHURIDAE Lubbock, 1862

Gisin (1960) and Maynard (1951) are followed in designat-
ing a single family in the suborder.

KEY TO WORLD SUBFAMILIES OF SMINTHURIDAE

1. Antenna shorter than head Neelinae Handlirsch, 1929

Antenna longer than head 2

2. Ant IV shorter than III Dicyrtominae Borner, 1906

Ant IV not shorter than III 3

3. Thoracic segmentation indefinite ; collophore warty

Sminthurinae Borner, 1906

Thoracic segmentation evident ; collophore usually smooth . . .
Sminthuridinae Borner, 1906

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of New Mexico in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

2 Part XI appeared in ENT. NEWS 74(9) : 243-251.

3 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Serv-
ice, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta 22,
Georgia.

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

Subfamily NEELINAE Handlirsch, 1929

No Neelinae have been recorded from New Mexico, but the
subfamily has been reported from a number of the United States
and from Mexico.

KEY TO WORLD SPECIES OF NEELINAE

1. Ant III and IV fused (Megalothorax Willem, 1900) 2

Ant III and IV separate 6

2. Mucro with anterior longitudinal ridge 3

Mucro without anterior longitudinal ridge 4

3. Mucro with 7 teeth (Australasian)

Megalothorax novae-zealandiae Salmon, 1944

Mucro without teeth (Australasian)

Megalothorax rubidus Salmon, 1946

4. Mucro serrate 5

Mucro not serrate (Holarctic, Neotropical)

Megalothorax minimus Willem, 1900

5. Tubercle at base of unguiculus protruding (Nearctic, Neo-

tropical) Megalothorax tristani Denis, 1933

Tubercle at base of unguiculus not protruding (Holarctic,

Neotropical, Australasian)

Megalothorax incertus Borner, 1903

6. Ant III longer than IV (Neelides Caroli, 1912) 7

Ant III shorter than IV (Neelus Folsom, 1896) (Holarctic,

Neotropical, Australasian)

Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896

7. Unguis with ventral tooth (Holarctic, Neotropical)

Neelides minutus (Folsom, 1901 )

Unguis without ventral tooth (Palearctic)

Neelides folsomi Caroli, 1912

Subfamily SMINTHURIDINAE Borner, 1906
KEY TO GENERA OF NEARCTIC SMINTHURIDINAE

1. Abd V and VI ankylosed Sminthurides Borner, 1900

Abd V and VI separate 2

2. Ant IV subsegmented 3

Ant IV not subsegmented Sminthurinus Borner, 1901

3. Tenent hairs present 4

Tenent hairs absent Arrhopalites Borner, 1906

4. Bothriotricha present

Katiannina Maynard and Downs, 1951

Bothriotricha absent Metakatianna Denis, 1933

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49

Genus SMINTHURIDES Borner, 1900
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC SMINTHURIDES (FEMALES)

NOTE : Males of Sminthurides have Ant III-IV modified into
a clasping organ. Female antennae are not so modified.

1. Apex of unguiculus branched bifidus (Mills, 1934)

Apex of unguiculus simple 2

2. Ant IV simple 3

Ant IV subdivided 9

3. Tibiotarsal organ absent 4

Tibiotarsal organ present 6

4. Mucronal bristle present ramosus (Folsom, 1932)

Mucronal bristle absent 5

5. Tibiotarsus III with serrate bristles

serratus (Folsom and Mills, 1938)

Tibiotarsus III without serrate bristles

pumilis (Krausbauer, 1901 )

6. Guard hair of tibiotarsal organ bifid 7

Guard hair of tibiotarsal organ simple 8

7. Antenna subequal to head

ludovicianus Folsom and Mills, 1938

Antenna longer than head

globocerus Folsom and Mills, 1938

8. Mucro not more than 2 X as long as wide

aquaticus (Bourlet, 1842)

Mucro about 3 X as long as wide

malmgreni (Tullberg, 1876)

9. Ant IV with 3 subsegments aureolus Maynard, 1951

Ant IV with 4 subsegments 10

Ant IV with 5 subsegments 12

Ant IV with 7 subsegments. . . . annulicornis Axelson, 1905
Ant IV with 12 subsegments pseudoviolaceus sp. nov.

10. Basal subsegment of Ant IV about 2 X apical segment

pseudassimilis Stach, 1956

Basal subsegment of Ant IV more than 2 X apical segment. .

Basal subsegment of Ant IV subequal to apical segment. . 14

11. Claw tunicate occultus Mills, 1934

Claw not tunicate macnamarai Folsom and Mills, 1938

12. Mucro straight 13

Mucro curved terrestris Maynard, 1951

13. Mucro apically bulbous lepus Mills, 1934

Mucro not apically bulbous plicatus (Schott, 1891)

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

14. Abdomen patterned dorsally. .assimilis (Krausbauer, 1898)

Abdomen not patterned dorsally

krausbaueri Folsom and Mills, 1938

var. distinctus Linnaniemi, 1912

Sminthurides bifidus Mills, 1938

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Beneath bark of fir log, 11,000 ft,
Taos Co.; Sep. 1953.

DISTRIBUTION. Fla., Iowa, La., Minn., N. M., N. Y. ; On-
tario (Canada).

Sminthurides malmgreni (Tullberg, 1876)

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of pine log, 7,400 ft,
Torrance Co., Jul. 1952.

DISTRIBUTION. 111., Iowa, La., Mass., Mont., N. M., N. Y.,
Texas, Utah, Wash., Wyo. ; Ontario (Canada) ; Europe.

Sminthurides pseudoviolaceus sp. nov. Fig. 1.

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 4 paratypes from Abo Monu-
ment, W of Mountainair, Torrance Co., NEW MEXICO; from
under dung in open juniper area, 6,100 ft, 15-ix-1954. Type
specimens will be deposited with the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

DESCRIPTION. Body subglobose, fused; color light purple
with dark purple antennae ; clothed with short to medium setae ;
integument smooth to granular ; head hypognathous ; antenna to
head as 9:4; antennal segments as 5:6:9:23 ; Ant IV of female
with about 12 indistinct subsegments, Ant IV of male modified
into clasping organ ; eyes 8 and 8 on dark eye patches ; mouth-
parts chewing; thoracic segmentation evident; tibiotarsal organ
present ; claws tunicate ; apex of female unguiculus simple ;
collophore smooth ; furcula reaching collophore ; manubrium to
dens to mucro as 5:15:6; mucro untoothed, non-lamellate; Abd
V-VI fused ; abdominal papilla absent ; anus terminal ; length
0.3 mm.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Sminthurides pumilis (Krausbauer, 1898)

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of walnut litter 6,900
ft, Socorro Co., Jul. 1954.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, La., N. M., N. Y., Utah; Manitoba
(Canada) ; Europe; Australasia.

FIG. 1. Sminthurides pseudoviolaceus sp. nov.

Genus SMINTHURINUS Bonier, 1901

1. Both edges of mucro smooth 2

One edge of mucro serrate 3

Both edges of mucro serrate 7

2. Antenna about 1.5 X head radiculus Maynard, 1951

Antenna about 1.2 X head remotus Folsom, 1896

3. Ventral edge of mucro curved. . similitortus Maynard, 1951
Ventral edge of mucro straight 4

4. Larger part of abdomen patterned. . .elegans (Fitch, 1863)
Larger part of abdomen unicolorous 5

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

5. General color white to yellow 6

General color black minutus ( MacGillivray, 1894)

6. Dens about 3 X mucro megoculatus Maynard, 1951

Dens 2.2-2.5 X mucro aureus (Lubbock, 1862)

Dens about 2 X mucro latimaculosus Maynard, 1951

7. Mucro serrate its full length 8

Mucro serrate on basal half only. . . .downsi Maynard, 1951

8. Unguis serrate laterally .. quadrimaculatus (Ryder, 1879)
Unguis not serrate 9

9. Unguis III with 3 inner teeth

niger (Lubbock, 1868) f. concolor (Meinert, 1896)

Unguis III with 1-2 inner teeth 10

10. Brown brunneus Maynard, 1951

Black niger f.p. (Lubbock, 1868)

Sminthurinus elegans (Fitch, 1863) (may = S. bourleti (Ger-
vais, 1844))

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Beneath bark of aspen log, 10,000 ft,
Bernalillo Co., Sep. 1951.

DISTRIBUTION. 111., Iowa, Me., Mass., N. M., N. Y., Tenn.,
Wash.; Ontario (Canada) ; Europe.

Sminthurinus brunneus Maynard, 1951

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of pine log, 7,400 ft,
Torrance Co., Jul. 1952.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.

Sminthurinus quadrimaculatus (Ryder, 1879)

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Beneath bark of yellow pine stump,
6,500 ft, Catron Co., Jun. 1952.

DISTRIBUTION. Fla., 111., Iowa, Me., Mass., N. M., N. Y., Pa.

Genus ARRHOPALITES Borner, 1906
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC ARRHOPALITES

1. Ant IV simple diversus Mills, 1934

Ant IV subsegmented 2

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53

2. Anal valve with minute spines caecus (Tullberg, 1871)

Anal valve without minute spines 3

3. Subanal appendage simple pygmaeus (Wankel, 1860)

Subanal appendage branched principalis (Stach, 1945)

Arrhopalites caecus (Tullberg, 1871)

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of log in spruce-fir
forest, 10,300 ft, Taos Co., Sep. 1953.

DISTRIBUTION. 111., Minn., N. M., N. Y., N. C, Pa. ; Europe ;
Australasia.

Genus KATIANNINA Maynard and Downs, 1951

Only one species of Katiannina is recorded from North
America.

Katiannina macgillivrayi (Banks, 1897)

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of juniper litter, 6,700
ft, Rio Arriba Co., Sep. 1952.
DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.

^H SUMMARY

Nine species of Sminthuridinae (4 Sminthurides, 3 Sminthu-
rinus, 1 Arrhopalites, 1 Katiannina) including Sminthurides
pseudoviolaceus sp. nov., are recorded from New Mexico for
the first time. No Neelinae are known from the state. Keys
are presented to world subfamilies of Sminthuridae, world spe-
cies of Neelinae, genera of Nearctic Sminthuridinae, and species
of Nearctic Sminthurides, Sminthurinus, and Arrhopalites.

REFERENCES CITED

GISIN, H. 1960. Collembolenfauna Europas. Mus. Hist. Nat., Genera,
Switzerland, pp. 29-30.

MAYNARD, E. A. 1951. The Collembola of New York State. Corn-
stock Publ. Co., Ithaca, p. 200.

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1964

A New Distributional Record from Idaho for

Poecilotettix sanguineus Scudder.

(Orthoptera)

GEORGE B. HEWITT, University of Idaho

The recorded distribution of the uncommon spurt throat
grasshopper Poecilotettix sanguineus Scudder is of a discon-
tinuous nature. It is known from several locations in southern
and western Arizona, southern California and western Nevada.
LaRivers (1948) mentions having taken this species on the
northeast edge of Walker Lake in Mineral County, Nevada.
This has been the northern most record of distribution.

On September 4, 1962, I collected a pair of these grass-
hoppers in copulation in a sandy area 13 miles southeast of
Murphy, Owyhee County, Idaho (approximately 2990 feet).
They were on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook) Nutt which
with Tetradymia glabrata Gray constitute the dominant plant
species of the area. This collection adds another species to
the list of Crytacanthacridinae for Idaho and extends its dis-
tribution northward at least 325 miles.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Winter Stoneflies. Dr. Herbert H. Ross wishes additional
records of winter stoneflies in order to correlate more securely
their distribution pattern with dispersal patterns suggested by
the more recent glacial ice lobes and solve problems on the
ecological conditions south of the ice sheet. These stoneflies
are £ inch in length, small, black, winged or wingless, and most
frequently found running about on railings of concrete bridges
over small, usually rocky, streams during the winter (January

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 55

into March). Several species may occur together. Collect in
alcohol and send to Dr. Ross at Illinois Natural History Sur-
vey, Urbana, 111.

J. C. Chamberlin (1892-1962). The February, 1963, Jour-
nal of Economic Entomology carried the sad news of the death
of Dr. Joseph Conrad Chamberlin at the age of 69. Besides
his work on the Chelonethida Dr. Chamberlin was greatly inter-
ested in scale insects. One very valuable contribution, not men-
tioned in that obituary, is his work on the taxonomy of the lac
insects. It was he who created the subfamilies Lacciferinae
and Tachardininae for the true and the pseudo lac insects, and
his monograph and supplement in Bull. Ent. Res. for 1923 and
1925 is still the best treatise on these unique insects. He also
created four new genera, eight species and two forms and criti-
cally reviewed all work on the group in studies carried out
during two years under the worthy guidance of Prof. G. F.
Ferris at Stanford University and published by the Citrus
Experiment Station of the University of California.

His name in lac entomology will be long remembered. May
his soul rest in peace. — R. K. VARSHNEY, Indian Lac Research
Institute, Namkum, Ranchi, (Bihar), India.

"Journal of Medical Entomology" is the name of a new
journal to be published quarterly, beginning early in 1964. Its
format will resemble that of the Annals of the Entomological
Society of America, and annual volumes will total about 500
pages. It will publish on all phases of medical entomology and
acarology, including systematics, and will welcome especially
comprehensive articles up to 50 pages. Subscriptions are $10
per volume for institutions, and $7 for individuals ; in Japan,
3500 Yen and 2500 Yen (payment to Bishop Museum) . Office :
Entomology Department, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii,
96819, U. S. A.. It will be edited by J. L. Gressitt and a
committee including J. R. Audy, D. S. Bertram, H. Hoogstraal,
I. M. Mackerras, L. W. Quate, L. Rozeboom, M. Sasa, and
R. Traub.

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All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are
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Beetles of the world wanted, all species in exchange for American
beetles, moths and butterflies. James K. Lawton (age 18), 7118 Grand
Parkway, Wauwatosa 13, Wisconsin.

Acanthomyops (Citronella ants) wanted for revisionary study. Will
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Syrphidae. Exchange or purchase. Will collect any order or family in
the New England area. F. C. Thompson, Dept. Entomology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXY MARCH, 1964 No. 3

New Exotic Crane-Flies (Tipulidae: Diptera).

Part IX

CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts *

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, Vol. 75(1): 15-24. In the present
paper I am continuing the study of the large and varied series
of crane-flies that were taken by Dr. Fernand Schmid in various
parts of India, discussing chiefly various species of the Hexa-
tomine genus Limnophila Macquart that were taken in Assam
and Sikkim. The types of the species are preserved in my
personal collection.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) mecocera, new species.

Size medium (wing of male about 7 mm) ; general coloration
of the entire body intensely black, subnitidous ; antennae of male
of unusual length, approximately two-thirds the wing, flagellar
segments long-cylindrical, with abundant erect dark setae ; knobs
of halteres weakly infuscated ; legs relatively long and slender,
brownish black to black ; wings brownish yellow, base clear yel-
low, disk with an inconspicuous pale brown pattern chiefly over
the cord and outer end of cell 1st M2 ; cell M^ lacking ; male
hypopygium with basal lobe of outer dististyle relatively small.

J1. Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 7-7.5 mm; antenna about
4-4.8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae of male unusually long,
about two-thirds the wing, black throughout ; flagellar segments

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Alassachusetts.

(57)

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

long-cylindrical, with abundant erect dark colored setae through-
out the length, the single verticil only a little longer. Head
black, subnitidous ; anterior vertex broad.

Thorax uniformly black, pronotum and pleura slightly more
pruinose than the subnitidous mesonotum ; praescutal vestiture
sparse but long and conspicuous. Halteres with stem yellow,
apex of knob weakly darkened. Legs relatively long and
slender; coxae and trochanters black, the remainder brownish
black to black. Wings brownish yellow, base light yellow;
vague narrow pale brown seams at Sc.,, origin of Rs, R2, cord
and outer end of cell 1st M2; veins light brown, a trifle darker in
the patterned areas, light yellow in the brightened parts. Vena-
tion : Scl ending nearly opposite the fork of Rs> Sc2 near its tip ;
RI + o and R2 subequal ; cell M1 lacking ; outer medial and cubital
veins gently decurved to margin ; m-c u at or before midlength
of Ms + 4 ; vein 2nd A gently sinuous.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, black. Male hypopygium
with posterior border of tergite subtruncate, at midregion with
two small lobes that are separated by a subequal emargination.
Ninth sternite very strongly produced, margin convex, with sev-
eral very long pale marginal setae. Outer dististyle slender,
setiferous, at base with the usual suboval lobe that is provided
with abundant setae of different sizes and a supplementary yel-
lowed flange ; inner style with the outer free portion unusually
short and stout, the length about three or four times the
diameter, near apex with a microscopic blackened tooth or
tubercle. Gonapophysis appearing as a yellow blade, the apex
triangularly dilated. Aedeagus relatively narrow, sinuous, apex
beyond the subtending flange more or less decurved.

Habitat. INDIA (Sikkim). Holotype: g, Bakkim, 6,890 feet,
April 12, 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Paratopotypes: 16 J1 J1, with
the type.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) mecoccra is generally similar to
other regional species, including L. (P.) coracina Alexander and
L. (P.) fletcheri Senior-White, differing evidently in the un-
usually long antennae of the male and in slight differences in
the hypopygium.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 59

Limnophila pectinifera, new species.

Size medium (wing of female about 9 mm) ; general colora-
tion of mesonotum brownish yellow, praescutal stripes slightly
darker, pleura dark brown ; antennae with scape dark brown,
pedicel and flagellum light yellow ; prothorax very small, meso-
notal praescutum projecting cephalad; wings strongly infuscated,
prearcular and costal fields more yellowed; a restricted dark
brown pattern that includes the elongate stigma ; medial branches
pectinate, basal section of vein M3 lacking.

5- Length about 10-11 mm ; wing 8-9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae with scape
dark brown, pedicel and flagellum light yellow, only the outer
three or four segments more infuscated. First flagellar segment
narrowed at base, dilated outwardly, succeeding segments length-
ened, the outer ones more elongate, exceeding their verticils;
terminal segment longer than the penultimate. Head brown,
darker medially above ; anterior vertex more than three times
the diameter of scape.

Prothorax very small, dark brown. Mesonotal praescutum
projecting cephalad to approach the posterior border of head,
brownish yellow, with four slightly darker brown stripes;
posterior sclerites of notum dark brown, sparsely yellow pol-
linose, more distinct on anterior mediotergite and posterior
border of scutellum. Pleura and postnotum dark brown. Hal-
teres dark brown, knobs more yellowed. Legs with coxae and
trochanters dark brown, the former elongate ; femora obscure
yellow, the outer third infuscated; tibiae and tarsi brownish
black; tibial spurs small. Wings strongly infuscated, the
prearcular and costal fields more yellowed, this color continued
outwardly to the wing tip; a restricted dark brown pattern,
including the small elongate stigma and a smaller darkening at
origin of Rs; further darkenings include the cord, arculus, both
outer medial forks and as tiny spots at ends of outer medial
veins ; veins yellow, brownish black in the patterned areas. Longi-
tudinal veins of outer four-fifth of wing with trichia, including
all of 1st A and the outer fifth or sixth of 2nd A. Venation:
5c ! ending opposite fork of Rs, 5V 2 near its tip ; Rt + „ and Rt

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

subequal, Rs elongate; outer medial branches appearing pecti-
nate, cell Mz being open by the atrophy of basal section of M3;
in-cu at or just beyond the fork of M. In the holotype the left
wing has an adventitious crossvein at basal fourth of cell R± and
a very weak remnant of the basal section of M3, the remaining
wings of both available specimens normal.

Abdomen medium brown. Ovipositor with basal half of cerci
darkened, the apices light yellow.

Habitat. INDIA (Assam). Holotype: $, Tairenpokpi, Mani-
pur, 4,000 feet, May 31, 1960 (Fernand Schmid). Paratopo-

The venation of this fly suggests that of certain species in the
subgenus Phylidorea, such as the European Limnophila (Phyli-
dorea) aperta Verrall, but the body structure indicates that
actually the two flies are quite distinct. Attention is called to the
anteriorly projecting mesonotal praescutum, suggesting the con-
dition found in the genus Conosia van der Wulp.

Limnophila iota, new species.

Size very small (wing of male 4.2 mm) ; mesonotal praescu-
tum brownish yellow, patterned with dark brown, the posterior
sclerites and pleura dark brown; outer flagellar segments of
antennae with long verticils ; femora yellow, the tips narrowly
brownish black; wings whitish with a conspicuous spotted and
dotted brown pattern ; vein R2 + 3 + 4 greatly reduced to lacking ;
male hypopygium with the outer dististyle setiferous, at apex
extended into a slender spine ; gonapophysis appearing as a
slender curved rod, the outer margin with two or three small
appressed spinules.

J1. Length about 5 mm ; wing 4.2 mm ; antenna about 0.7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black, the latter short. Antennae with
scape black, pedicel brown, flagellum light brown ; flagellar seg-
ments suboval, verticils conspicuous, those of outer segments
very long, nearly three times the segments ; terminal segment
elongate, with about four very long subapical setae. Head light
brown with a broad darker brown central stripe ; setae porrect,
their punctures blackened ; anterior vertex broad, about five
times the diameter of scape ; eyes large, ommatidia conspicuous.

Pronotum large, obscure brownish yellow, scutum with three

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 61

brown spots. Mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow, pat-
terned with dark brown, including two narrow intermediate and
broader sublateral stripes, lateral margin darkened; pseudo-
sutural foveae large and conspicuous, broadly oval, black; scu-
tum brownish yellow, lobes patterned with dark brown ; scutel-
lum and postnotum darker brown, pleurotergite darker. Pleura
dark brown to brownish black, dorsopleural region paler.
Halteres weakly darkened, base of stem narrowly obscure yel-
low. Legs with coxae brownish black ; trochanters testaceous
yellow, with a darkened spot beneath ; femora yellow7, tips nar-
rowly but conspicuously brownish black ; tibiae and tarsi entirely
light yellow ; vestiture of legs relatively short, on femora slightly
exceeding the diameter of the segment, the outer ones longer.
Wings whitened, with a conspicuous brown spotted and dotted
pattern ; larger areas at origin of Rs and on anterior cord, the
latter expanded cephalad over the forks of Sc and R2 + 3 + 4 to
costa; areas at arculus, R3 and R± relatively large; elsewhere
with still smaller areas in all cells, including marginal spots,
cell C with about a dozen such marks ; veins yellow, very slightly
darker in the patterned areas. Longitudinal veins beyond cord
with small macrotrichia. Venation : Sct ending just before fork
of Rs, Sc2 near its tip ; Rs long, angulated at origin ; R2 + 3 + 4
punctiform to virtually lacking, R2 not apparent; cell M1 sub-
equal to or shorter than its petiole ; m-cu at near two-thirds
M3,4.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, dark brown. Male hypo-
pygium with the tergal lobes broadly obtuse. Basistyle simple.
Dististyles terminal, distal fourth of outer style narrowed into a
slender spine, surface with a few strong setae; inner style nar-
rowed to the pale obtuse tip. Phallosome with gonapophyses
appearing as slender curved rods, narrowed to the acute tips,
outer margin with a few small appressed spinules; aedeagus
relatively short, straight.

Habitat. INDIA (Assam). Holotype: ^, Telca, Cachar Dis-
trict, 62 feet, May 15, 1960 (Fernand Schmid).

Limnophila iota is the smallest member of a group of Oriental
species that is most nearly allied to Limnophila adicia, new
species, from which it is told most readily by the size, all details

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

of coloration of the body and wings, and the hypopygial struc-
ture, particularly the dististyles and phallosome.

Limnophila adicia, new species.

Size medium (wing of male 7 mm) ; general coloration of
mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow, with darker brown
stripes ; antennae with scape and pedicel intensely black, flagel-
lum obscure yellow, basal segments very short and crowded ;
legs yellow, femoral tips abruptly black ; wings light yellow with
a conspicuous brown spotted and dotted brown pattern ; Rs
very long, R2 + 3 + 4 about two-thirds the basal section of R5, cell
M1 approximately one-half its petiole ; male hypopygium with
outer dististyle narrowed gradually to the acute tip ; tergal lobes
pointed, tips narrowly obtuse.

J1. Length about 8 mm ; wing 7 mm ; antenna about 1 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black, the former small. Antennae with
scape and pedicel intensely black, flagellum obscure yellow;
proximal five flagellar segments very short, subglobular, suc-
ceeding segments longer, with increasingly elongate verticils.
Head brown, with a sparse yellow pollen, most evident on the
orbits ; vertex with a conspicuous darker brown central stripe
that is expanded on anterior vertex, with an anterior spur, on
posterior vertex more narrowed.

Pronotum large, brown, sparsely pollinose, with conspicuous
erect setae. Mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow with four
dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair widely separated in
front, confluent behind, with indications of a further median
vitta, the sublateral stripes and margins brown; pseudosutural
foveae black ; scutum brownish yellow, each lobe with two dark
brown areas ; scutellum gray with a central brown line that
extends cephalad on the scutum ; postnotum dark brown. Pleura
dark brown with a longitudinal black stripe on ventral anepister-
num and pteropleurite. Halteres yellow, apex of knob weakly
darkened. Legs with coxae and trochanters brownish black;
femora yellow, tips abruptly and conspicuously black ; tibiae yel-
low, the tips very narrowly brown ; tarsi yellow, apices of indi-
vidual segments darkened, terminal one uniformly brown ; claws
very long and slender. Wings light yellow, somewhat more
saturated at base; a conspicuous dark brown pattern, including

Lxxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 63

sparse spots and very abundant brown dots in all cells, including
Sc; the larger spots are at origin of Rs, anterior cord, and tips
of veins R3 and R4; smaller brown marginal spots on veins,
largest on 2nd A; brown dots paler brown, generally subcircu-
lar in outline; veins yellow, darker in the patterned areas, in-
cluding costa. Costal fringe relatively long ; longitudinal veins
beyond general level of cord with macrotrichia, lacking on Sc
and all veins basad of cord. Venation : Rs very long, subequal
to R±; R2 + 3 + 4 about two-thirds the basal section of R-; cell Mt
approximately one-half its petiole ; m-cu at two-thirds M3 + 4.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, brownish black. Male
hypopygium with posterior border of tergite broadly emarginate,
the lobes pointed with narrowly obtuse tips. Basistyle with the
interbase a flattened dark blade that is expanded outwardly.
Outer dististyle gently curved, narrowed gradually to the acute
tip, the surface with long setae ; inner style nearly as long, nar-
rowed to the obtuse tip. Aedeagus slender, longer than the
simple curved gonapophyses, the latter acute at tips, outer third
with coarse appressed teeth.

Habitat. INDIA (Assam). Holotype: <$, Leimatak, Manipur,
1,300 feet. May 30, 1960 (Fernancl Schmid).

The most similar regional species is LimnophUa iota, new
species, which differs in the small size, coloration of the body,
legs and wings, the venation, and especially in the details of
structure of the male hypopygium.

Limnophila (Afrolimnophila) bicoloripes, new species.

General coloration of praescutum medium brown, the
posterior notal sclerites and the pleura darker brown ; legs con-
spicuously hairy, femora medium brown, tips narrowly yellowed,
tibiae and tarsi yellow ; wings whitened, heavily patterned with
dark brown, cell C yellow with a few narrow transverse dark
brown dashes that are much narrower than the ground inter-
spaces, cell Sc uniformly yellow.

5- Length about 8 mm ; wing 7 mm.

Rostrum, palpi and antennae black; scape elongate; flagellar
segments long, subequal to their verticils, with additional dense
white pubescence (terminal segments broken). Head dark

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

brown, sparsely pruinose ; anterior vertex broad, nearly five
times the diameter of scape.

Pronotum and pretergites testaceous yellow, darkened be-
neath. Mesonotal praescutum almost uniformly medium brown,
the interspaces very poorly differentiated as slightly darker
lines; posterior sclerites of notum darker brown. Pleura dark
brown, the dorsopleural membrane slightly paler brown. Hal-
teres short, stem dusky, knob large, dark brown. Legs with
coxae dark brown ; trochanters obscure yellow ; femora medium
brown, tips narrowly yellowed, tibiae and tarsi light yellow
(hind legs broken) ; femora with long black setae, tibiae and
basitarsi with similar yellow bristles. Wings with the restricted
ground whitened, cells C and Sc light yellow, including the
veins ; cell Sc unmarked ; remainder of disk with a very heavy
brown pattern, heavily concentrated to virtually solid in outer
radial field, elsewhere subequal in extent to the ground inter-
spaces, with larger spots at origin of Rs, cord, tip of 2nd A and
at near two-thirds the length of cell M ; the smaller areas more
transverse in the cells before cord, small and dotlike in cell Rj^
and beyond cord ; veins obscure yellow, darkened in the pat-
terned areas, costa beyond the stigma alternately yellow and
dark brown. Longitudinal veins beyond cord with abundant
macrotrichia, lacking on Sc and the veins basad of cord, small
and inconspicuous on R. Venation : Sc long, Scj_ ending about
opposite one-third R2 + 3 + 4, Sc2 near its tip; Rs long; J^2 + 3 + 4
subequal to R2 + 3, the latter feebly angulated at origin ; R1 + 2 and
R.2 subequal ; cell M^ about twice its petiole ; m-cu at near one-
fourth to one-fifth M3 + 4.

Abdomen dark brown. Ovipositor with cerci very slender,
horn yellow, the outer half gently upcurved to the acute tip;
hypovalvae long and slender.

Habitat. INDIA (Assam). Holotype: $, Mapum, Manipur,
5,000 feet, June 12, 1960 (Fernand Schmid).

The most similar species is Limnophila (Afrolimnophila)
raoana Alexander, of western peninsular India (Bombay Presi-
dency to the Nilgiri Hills), readily told by the wing pattern. It
should be noted that in this latter species only the fore and mid-
dle femora are blackened, the posterior legs being uniformly
yellow. It appears probable that a comparable condition will be

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 65

found in the present fly. Also the wings of the male presum-
ably will be found to be much broader than in the female as
figured, such a condition being found in raoana.

Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) carbo sikkimensis, new
subspecies.

Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) carbo Alexander; Philippine
Jour. Sci., 66: 326-327; 1938. '

The specimens of typical carbo were from Mount Omei,
Szechwan, China, taken at 9,000 feet, June 12, 1937, by Tsen.

J1. Length, excluding rostrum, 6.5-8 mm; wing 8-9.5 mm;
rostrum about 5—6.2 mm.

General coloration black ; head dark gray ; halteres pale yel-
low ; legs black, femoral bases broadly yellow, tarsi paling to
yellow ; wings yellow, heavily patterned with brown, including
a broad seam at cord.

I am placing the present fly as a subspecies of carbo but it
may well prove to represent a valid species. It differs from
carbo in the larger size and conspicuously longer rostrum.
Thorax dull brownish black. Abdomen brownish yellow, with a
subterminal blackened ring, involving segments six to nine, the
remainder of hypopygium yellow.

J1. Length, excluding rostrum, 6.5-10 mm; wing 8.5-11 mm;
rostrum about 8.5-10 mm.

J. Length, excluding rostrum, 8.5-11 mm; wing 8.5-11 mm;
rostrum about 8-9 mm.

Habitat. INDIA (Sikkim). Holotype: J, Yedang, 10,600
feet, in Rhododendron association, June 9, 1959 (Fernand
Schmid). Allot opoty pc: $, with the type. Paratopotypes: ffi,
Tune 9-10, 1959. Paratypes: <?$, Bichu, 8,000-8,500 feet, July
14, 1959; J>$, Chachu, 11,500 feet, June 28-29, 1959; <f$,
Chumzomoi Choka, 11,800 feet, in Rhododendron association,
July 8, 1959; J1?, Kalep, 12,100 feet, in Rhododendron associa-
tion, June 18, 1959; Phune Kongma, 11,150 feet, June 30, 1959;
<?$, Shingba, 10,400 feet, June 30, 1959; <?$, Tsomgo, 12,500
feet, in Rhododendron association, August 26, 1959; ^$, Yag-
tang, 11,650 feet, in Rhododendron association, June 17, 1959;
c??, Zema, 8,900-9,100 feet, June 11-14, 1959 (all Fernand
Schmid).

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

A New American Genus in the Chilopod Family

Himantariidae

RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

A beautiful geophilid from Chiapas, Mexico, kindly presented
to me by Dr. Nell B. Causey, represents a new genus and
species in the Himantariidae. In this family it falls in the tribe
Himantariini of Attems. From the other genera of this
group it is widely distinct in the possession of the following
combination of characters : ventral pores not in definitely limited
areas ; no coxal pores on last legs ; telopodite of anal legs
consisting of only five articles.

CAUSERIUM, new genus

Head much wider than long. Antennae thick, subcontiguous
at base.

Labrum moderately incurved, its free margin finely denticulate
throughout. Mandibles stout, typically bearing five stout,
conical teeth. First maxillae with syncoxite divided by a
longitudinal median line ; telopodite with a stout lappet on ectal
side. Second maxillae with anterior border of coxosternum
showing the usual v-shaped median excision ; claw of telopodite
short and smooth.

Prehensors with claw and other joints of telopodite edentate.

Prosternum with anterior margin smooth, bearing neither
nodules nor teeth ; postcondylic sclerotic line or raphe present
and complete, or very nearly so.

Tergites smooth, not bisulcate. The intertergites very short,
each pointed at each lateral end. Paratergites in most segments
in two series, the lower or principal tergite large, typically as
long as the corresponding tergite and completely separating off
the united spiracular and prescuttelar sclerites ; above this large
paratergite typically two others, one between each end of the
principal plate and the tergite. Preparatergites proper appar-
ently absent.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Sternites from first to penult bearing numerous ventral pores
which are distributed rather loosely over the entire surface not
in definite or clearly defined areas.

Causcriuin tuxtlanum sp. n.

FIG. 1. Dorsal view of head. FIG. 2. Paratergites and adjacent
sclerites. FIG. 3. Caudal end, ventral view.

Spiracles all elliptic.

The last ventral plate broad; the adjacent coxae of last legs
lacking glands and pores. Between the coxae and the last
intertergite no definite pleurite. Telopodite of last legs com-
posed of five articles, the last of which bears no claw.

Type species - - Causer him tit.vtlanuin, new species

Causerium tuxtlanum, new species

Head much broader than long (4:3) anterior margin obtusely
angular, the posterior margin weakly arcuate. Antennae moder-

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

ately long, thick, the basal joints much swollen, contiguous
at base.

Labrum widely and moderately concave, the free margin finely
denticulate, mandible and first maxillae as given in the generic
diagnosis ; the coxosternum of the second maxillae completely
fused posteriorly, acutely notched in middle anteriorly ; the
claw of the palpus somewhat spoon-shaped, the article proximad
of the claw bearing numerous setae.

Prosternum of prehensors unarmed, the post-condylic sclerotic
line (raphe) strongly developed, ending at or a little caudo-
laterad of the condyle.

Ventral pores numerous ; present on all sternites from the
first to the penult inclusive. The pores not in any sharply
defined submedian area as usual in related genera. Pores on
first sternite, however, relatively few but becoming rapidly more
numerous on the following sternites and these distributed over
the entire sternite, and sometimes somewhat more condensed
at the corners and posteriorly.

Tergites in part finely granular, not definitely bisulcate. The
intertergites narrow, acutely pointed at each lateral end. Para-
tergites and adjacent sclerites as shown in FIG 2.

Last ventral plate much wider than long, its anterior margin
longer than the posterior. Adjacent coxae without evident
glands or pores. Anal legs composed of fine articles distad of
the coxa ; clawless. See further FIG. 3.

Pairs of legs, circa 95.

Length, 92 mm.

Locality — MEXICO : Chiapas, vicinity of Tuxtla. One speci-
men collected by Miguel Alvarez del Toro in 1955.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69

A New Species of Mallophaga from the Black-
billed Cuckoo

K. C. EMERSON

The genus Cucullcola Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1938, is found
only on genera of Cuculidae. Cucullcola splendidus (Kellogg,
1899) found on Geococcyx californianus (Lesson), the Road-
runner, is fairly common in collections. Recently, a series from
the Black-billed Cuckoo was examined, which apparently rep-
resent a second species of the genus to be found in North Amer-
ica. This species is herewith described and illustrated.

Cuculicola erythropthalmus n. sp.

Holotype male. General shape as shown in Figure 1. Head
circumfasciate. Forehead with a preantennal dorsal curved
transverse suture. Abdomen narrow and elongate. Abdominal
tergites weakly pigmented, with segments II-VII divided me-
dianly. Abdominal sternites weakly pigmented and undivided.
Thoracic sternal plate prominent. Pleurites narrow with re-
entrant heads. Chaetotaxy as shown in Figure 1. Genitalia
as shown in Figure 3. Total length 1.74 mm.

Allotype female. General shape as shown in Figure 2. Chae-
totaxy, shown in Figure 2, is essentially the same as in the
male except for the terminal abdominal segments. Abdominal
tergites II-VII divided and pigmented as in the male. Ab-
dominal sternites and pleurites essentially as in the male. Total
length 2.02 mm.

Type host. Coccyzns erythropthalmus (Wilson). Black-
billed Cuckoo.

Type material. Holotype male, allotype female and seven
paratypes collected on May 20, 1928 at Miami, FLORIDA.
Holotype and allotype have been deposited in the U. S. N. M.
Paratypes in collections of the author, and the University of
Minnesota.

Discussion. Cucullcola splendidus is large, robust, and with
ovate abdomen. C. erythroptlwliuus is slender and elongate.
Abdominal tergites II-VII I divided medianly, and the heavily

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[March, 1964

FIGS. 1-3. Citculicola erytkropthalmus n. sp. 1. Dorsal-ventral view
of the male. 2. Dorsal-ventral view of the female. 3. Male genitalia.
Figs. 1 and 2 drawn to the same scale.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71

pigmented portions are narrow in C. splendidus. In C. cry-
thropthalvnus abdominal tergites II-YII are divided medianly;
due to light pigmentation and width of the lateral portions, the
tergites appear almost entire.

REFERENCES

CLAY, T., and R. MEINERTZHAGEN. 1939. New genera and species of
Mallophaga. Entomologist 72 : 161-168.

KELLOGG, V. L. 1899. Mallophaga from birds of Panama, Baja, Cali-
fornia and Alaska. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 6 : 3-52.

A New Species of Folsomides (Collembola:
Entomobryidae.) from Louisiana

H. RANDOLPH HEPBURN and J. PORTER WOODRING*

Folsomides anophthalamis sp. nov. FIGURE 1

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 7 paratypes were collected
from the bole of a Live Oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) on the
campus of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge Parish, LOUISIANA, on August 10, 1963. The
type specimens will be deposited with the United States
National Museum, Washington, D. C.

DESCRIPTION. Body white; elongate, subcylindrical. Anky-
losis absent. Prothorax well-developed, dorsally asetate. Abd
IV slightly longer than Abd III. Anus caudal, not ventral.
Head prognathous ; mandibular molar surface present and well-
developed. Eyes absent. Post-antennal organ typically iso-
tomine ; thickened, subelliptical, as long as width of Ant I ; 3
posterio-marginal setae. Antennae inserted cephalad ; the rela-
tive length of the antennameres 2:3:3:5. Sense organ of Ant
III composed of a pair of papillae. Unguiculus present but re-
duced; setiform. Tenent hairs absent. Collophore apically
divided hemispherically. Furcula present but small ; the mucro-
dens 2/3 the manubrium ; mucro bidentate, confluent with the

* Dept. of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[March, 1964

dens. Anal spines absent. Clothing of short, simple setae.
Bothiotricha absent. Total length approximately 1 mm.

0.47mm

FIG. 1. Folsotnidcs anophthalamis sp. nov.

DISCUSSION. The relationship of this species to other Folso-
midcs is uncertain because of the absence of eyes; however, the
general morphology most closely approximates that of F. parvus
Folsom. This species may be distinguished from all other
members of Folsomides by (1) the absence of eyes; (2) the
absence of any cephalic pigmentation; (3) the presence of 3
posterio-marginal setae on the post-antennal organ, FIG. la;
(4) the slender setiform nature of the unguiculus, FIG. Ib. This
new species has not been included in the recent checklist of the
Collembola of Louisiana by Hepburn & Woodring, 1963.

LITERATURE CITED

HEPBURN, H. R. and J. P. WOODRIXG. Checklist of the Collembola
(Insecta) of Louisiana. Proc. Louisiana Academy of Sciences.
1963. Vol. 26, pp. 5-9.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73

The Bee Genus Xenopanurgus (Hymenoptera,

Andrenidae) x

ALVIN F. SHINN

The only known species of Xenopanurgus, X. readioi Miche-
ner, was described from a unique male taken in the Huachuca
Mountains of Arizona (Michener, 1952). The collection of six
additional males and two females by University of Kansas
Mexican Entomological Expeditions in 1954 and 1962 permits
amplification of our knowledge of the genus. I am grateful to
Dr. Charles D. Michener for the loan of and permission to
describe these specimens.

Measurements given in ocular micrometer units were made
at 45 X magnification with a Bausch & Lomb StereoZoom
microscope: each unit is equal to 0.017 mm. Certain measure-
ments were made as follows : eye width, between sides of an eye
at their junctions with head capsule; inter ant ennal, between in-
ner rims of antennal sockets ; ocellocnlar, shortest distance
posterior ocellus to eye margin ; intcrocellar, rim to rim between
posterior ocelli ; clypeocellar, ventral rim median ocellus to
frontoclypeal suture ; antennae cllar, ventral rim median ocellus
to ventral rim antennal socket ; antcnnoclypeal, between a line
joining ventral rims of antennal sockets and a parallel line
through uppermost point of frontoclypeal suture. The word
"distance" is omitted after the above terms to save space. Meas-
urements are the average of all specimens ; holotype measure-
ments are within parentheses.

XENOPANURGUS Michener

The female runs directly to Perdita in the artificial key to
genera of bees (Michener, 1944) and to the vicinity of Calliopsis
and Hypomacrotera in the key to North American Panurgini
(op. cit.}. It differs from these genera in the long marginal and
second submarginal cells and the combination of metallic colora-

1 Contribution Number 1190 from the Department of Entomology of the
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

tion with lack of yellow or lighter colored areas on thorax
and metasoma.

The female agrees with the generic diagnosis based upon the
male except as noted below : Body black and metallic green and
brassy tints, especially on face, disc of thorax, and metasomal
terga. Clypeus without deep emargination of male, paraocular
areas not tumid, and outer surface of antennal scape almost
normal. First labial palpomere distinctly longer than remaining
ones taken together, 39:30. Distance from base of vein r of
forewing to base of pterostigma considerably less than twice
length of prestigma 29:18. Distinct labral and pygidial plates
present though absent in the male.

Xenopanurgus readioi Michener

Female: Length 9.3 mm; forewing length including tegula
7.67 mm; widths head, thorax, abdomen, 2.38, 2.71, 2.65 mm;
ratio head length to head width 0.79, 121 : 153.

HEAD. Color black with brassy and metallic greenish tints
except clypeus, labrum, facial foveae, antennae, mouthparts, and
genal areas which lack such metallic luster. Punctation absent
on labral plate, facial foveae, hypostoma. Punctures small,
densest on vertex and separated by less than a puncture width
with interspaces roughened and dull. Paraocular areas be-
tween antennal sockets and facial foveae and below with punc-
tures generally larger than those of lower subantennal areas,
but with a line of very fine punctures along the outer subantennal
suture. Clypeal punctation less dense than previous areas, punc-
tures shallow, large, and sparse on the median area becoming
deeper, smaller, and closer along frontoclypeal suture and on
lateral areas. Paraocular areas differ from male in not being
tumid and in lacking the dorsoventral furrow which arises on
outer subantennal suture of male. Head dimensions and ratios :
eye length slightly less than twice width, 83:44, and less than
minimum interocular, 83:96; inner orbits parallel; interan-
tennal twice width median ocellus, 21 : 10.5 ; interocellar, anten-
noclypeal, length inner subantennal suture, maximum width

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75

subantennal plate, all subequal, 19 ; maximum distance between
outer subantennal sutures three times length inner subantennal
suture, less than three times minimum distance between inner
subantennal sutures, and subequal to clypeocellar, 61:19:60;
antennocellar one-third longer than ocellocular, one-half longer
than antennocular, 43:32:28; clypeal width 2.5 times length,
102:41 ; clypeal apex 9 units below line joining ventral margins
of orbits. Lengths of paraglossae, first labial palpomere, re-
maining palpomeres as 32:39:30. Galeae in repose extend more
than half way to base of prementum. Scape, pedicel, first four
flagellomeres black, others brown. Lengths scape, first, second,
and last flagellomeres as 35:21:9:23. Length pedicel 1.6 times
width, 12:9. Frontal line a narrow, shallow sulcus.

MESOSOMA. Strong brassy-green coloration on pronotal collar
and mesoscutum ; faint metallic bluish-green on mesoscutellum ;
faint metallic green elsewhere. Legs non-metallic, brownish-
black. Ratio of mesoscutum : mesoscutellum as 94 : 39. Hori-
zontal portion of propodeum and pronotal lobes as in male.
Punctation of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and metanotum as
in male, but mesoscutellar and metanotal punctures more distinct
on a duller ground, and metanotal punctures much shallower
than those of mesoscutellum. Remainder of propodeum and
sides of thorax as in male, but punctures more distinct on a
duller ground. Front and middle basitarsi each shorter than
their own remaining tarsomeres, but hind basitarsus about one-
third longer than its remaining tarsomeres. Front and middle
distitarsi equal in length, shorter than hind distitarsus. Basi-
tibial plate with appressed, stiff black setae on all but its apical
fifth. Tibial spurs pale amber. Mesotibial spur long, subequal
to length of middle basitarsus with setae becoming heavier and
more widely spaced towards apex. Claws brown, much lighter
than the brownish-black distitarsi. Forewing veins basal to
stigma dark brown, stigma light brown, veins apical to basal vein
and prestigma lighter brown. Hind wing with 9 hamuli, veins
tan. Wings smoky apically as in male. Length of marginal
cell subequal to distance from its tip to tip of wing. Length
hind wing, 5.70 mm.

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

METASOMA. Metasomal terga 1 to 4 with posterior margins
broadly depressed, impunctate, minutely tesselate, similar to
male. Terga 1 to 4 with very sparse white hairs, tergum 5
with prepygidial fimbria of long decumbent dark brown hairs.
Tergum 6 with dull, clearly denned pygidial plate bearing a
longitudinal, rounded ridge. Pygidial fimbria of tergum 6 with
hairs similar to prepygidial fimbria, but shorter. Punctation of
terga as in male, with minute roughening of terga 2 to 4 more
distinct basally. Lateral foveae of tergum 2 dull black, impunc-
tate, ovoid. Terga without the dorsal arching of male, but
tergum 3 with some bowing dorsally.

Male: Length 9.8 mm; fore wing length including tegula 7.60
mm; widths head, thorax, abdomen, 2.80, 2.53, 2.53 mm (2.75,
2.36, 2.33) ; ratio head length to head width 0.71, 118:166.

The Mexican specimens are essentially the same size as the
type specimen and agree closely with the description given for
the type specimen, but differ in pattern of yellow coloration of
face as well as a few other items described below : Each paraocu-
lar area may have two separate patches of yellow, lower one
ending in an irregular border at level of middle of subantennal
area, upper one about half the area of lower one, beginning
slightly below level of antennal sockets and extending to lower
borders of facial foveae. Thoracic and metasomal widths
greater than type. Facial foveae black, much duller than sur-
rounding shiny areas, with a few fine punctures bearing suberect
hairs. Ocellocular less than twice interocellar, 36:21 (37:18).
Roughening of interspaces between punctures of mesoscutum
most distinct on areas anterior, lateral, and posterior to parapsi-
dal lines, disk of mesoscutum showing only faintest roughening
at 60 X magnification. Punctures of metasomal tergum 1 extend
only from anterior edge of brownish depressed posterior margin
to edge of anterior declivity, which is impunctate, shiny, and
minutely roughened. Tibial spurs yellowish white. Male
genitalia with gonocoxal apodemes not strongly inflexed or
narrowing the genital foramen as in the type, and with foramen
larger but similarly rectangular.

Added description which will aid in distinguishing the male
of this species follows.

1XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77

HEAD. Paraocular area at level of ventral margin of antennal
sclerites not a smooth curve between latter position and orbit,
a short, vertical furrow arising at a point three-quarters of way
up on outer subantennal suture (side illumination!). Frontal
line a carina. Supraclypeal elevation made by a trihedral angle
with a smoothly rounded apex. Head dimensions and ratios :
eye length less than twice width, 91 :50, and less than minimum
interocular, 91:96; inner orbits diverging below; interantennal
twice width median ocellus, 22:11; interocellar greater than
maximum width subantennal plate, which is greater than anten-
noclypeal, which equals length of inner subantennal suture,
21:18.5:15:15; maximum distance between outer subantennal
sutures four times length inner subantennal suture, less than
three times minimum distance between inner subantennal su-
tures, and subequal to clypeocellar, 61 : 15 : 58 ; antennocellar one-
sixth longer than ocellocular, one-half longer than antennocular,
43:36:29; clypeal width more than four times length, 125:30;
clypeal apex four units above line joining ventral margins of
orbits ; paraglossae reach to or beyond tip of galea ; length first
labial palpomere to remaining ones as 40:31. Labral plate
absent. Antennal color as in female except a patch of yellow
may occur in the cavity of dorsal surface of scape. Lengths
scape, first, second, and last flagellomere as 38:25:11:21.
Flagellomere 1 equal to or longer than 2 + 3. Length pedicel
three-fourths width, 12:16.

MESOSOMA. Ratio mesoscutum: mesoscutellum as 79:35.
Mesoscutum proportionately shorter in male than female, about
one-sixth to one-fifth shorter. Hind margin of hind tibia wavy
with transparent lamellae forming some of the waves. Basitibial
plate shiny black. Front and middle basitarsi three-quarters as
long as their respective remaining tarsomeres, hind basitarsus
slightly less than one-fifth longer than remaining tarsomeres and
more than half again longer than front basitarsus. Front and
middle basitarsus less than half tarsal length, but hind basitarsus
more than half tarsal length. Front distitarsus longer than
the middle and hind distitarsi, which are subequal in length.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

Hind wing with 10 hamuli. Length marginal cell less than
distance from its tip to tip of wing. Length hind wing, 5.60 mm.

METASOMA. Lateral foveae of metasomal tergum 2 distinct.

Specimens are in the Snow Entomological Museum at the
University of Kansas. One male, one female, 20 miles east of
Toluca, Mexico, Mexico, July 31, 1954, 8,900 feet altitude,
University of Kansas Mexican Expedition ; five males, one
female, same data except July 31, 1962. No altitudinal datum
was with the male holotype, but it was taken in mountainous
terrain, too. It seems safe to predict that Xenopannrgus occurs
from the mountains of the south central border of Arizona along
the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental at suitable
elevations all the way to Mexico City.

LITERATURE CITED

MICHENER, C. D. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny,
and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. 82: 156-326.

. 1952. A new genus of Panurgine bees from Arizona (Hymenop-
tera, Andrenidae). Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 25: 24-28.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 79

Notes on Brechmorhoga mendax (Hagen) :

Odonata *

ROBERT WILLIAM CRUDEN, Department of Botany,
University of California, Berkeley

The literature pertaining to Brechmorhoga mendax (Hagen)
gives the impression that, in the United States, this species is
restricted to desert regions of the southwest. Although dis-
tributional data are sketchy, the theme is the same throughout.
Hagen (1877) gives "Pecos River, Western Texas; St. An-
tonio, Texas." Calvert (1899) adds Baja California. Need-
ham and Heywood (1929) say "... a single Sonoran species
enters our southwestern border . . . Tex., Calif. . . . ' Need-
ham and Westfall (1955) reiterate the idea ". . . a genus of
. . . Neotropical species . . . one of which enters our south-
western border." They add Oklahoma to the list of reported
localities. Thus Smith and Pritchard (in Usinger, 1956) can
state, "This large grayish species is found in desert regions
from California to Texas and Oklahoma. . . ." And Musser
(1961) can claim "The other southern species for which Utah
now represents the northernmost limit is Brechmorhoga men-
dax Hagen." However, the above impression is at best mis-
leading.

Kennedy (1917, p. 604-5) gives the following collection
data. "Chico River, Chico, Butte County, California. On June
14 and 15 I collected on the Chico River between the city of
Chico and the mouth of the canyon 5 miles east of the city.
The river was shallow because of much irrigating water with-
drawn. . . . The bottom was gravelly and the banks heavily
shaded by brush and trees." B. mendax was one of the 17
species collected at this location. Kennedy gives a second site
for Brechmorhoga (ibid. p. 626) "Friant, Fresno County, Cali-
fornia." He describes the locale as "... a village on the San

1 1 would like to thank the California State Division of Beaches and
Parks, the personnel of Humboldt Redwoods State Park and my asso-
ciates studying the ecology of the coast redwood, especially Dr. H. G. Baker,
for providing the opportunity and encouragement to do the necessary col-
lecting and observing.

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

Joaquin where the latter emerges from the great canyon through
which it descends from the high Sierra. Here for a few miles
before it reaches the level valley floor it is a swift stream 300
feet wide, from 1 to 5 feet deep, flowing over a bed of gravel."

In the summer of 1962 I collected imagoes of B. nwnda.v
from July 17 to August 27 at three locations on the South Fork
of the Eel River near Weott, in Humboldt Redwoods State
Park, Humboldt County, California. The vegetation of the
area is dominated by the coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens
(D. Don) Endl.

The stream at the collection sites had a rocky bottom, varied
from 20 to 60 feet in width and a few inches to three feet in
depth. (The stream depth and width varies greatly with the
season.) Although the coast redwood dominates the flora of
the area, the stream, at those points where collections were
made, is bordered by wide rocky beaches or sandy banks cov-
ered with a secondary growth of ash, willow, alder and her-
baceous perennials.

Males were observed over the stream during the afternoon
and evening. The only imagoes observed during the forenoon
were hawking insects over cleared areas some distance from
the stream. Over the stream the males exhibited two distinct
flight patterns. The first was repeated time and again. The
insect would fly slowly along the stream, turn and fly quickly
to the point of origin, turn, and repeat the maneuver. Infre-
quently, the insect would dart away to capture a small insect,
which was eaten on the wing. Except for these breaks in the
pattern, the males were rarely seen more than a foot above the
surface of the stream.

A second pattern was observed late in the day. The insects
moved rapidly and apparently at random over the surface of
the water, infrequently resting on rocks close to the water's
edge. Chases and sham battles were frequent. As in the first
pattern, the flight was close to the surface of the water. At all
times the insects were observed over rapidly moving water.

Females were observed over the stream only while ovipositing.
They flew rapidly and erratically above the stream, touching
their abdomens to the water every 10 to 15 feet. Several times

1XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81

males were seen chasing females as the latter attempted to ovi-
posit. No tandem or copulatory activity resulted from such
encounters, as far as I could determine. One pair in copula
was taken in the morning in a small tree a few hundred yards
from the river. Ovipositing was observed both in the late
forenoon and afternoon.

Several nymphal exuviae were collected. The first on a
rock in the stream about two inches above the surface and the
second on a branch about two and a half feet from the surface
of the water.

Musser (1961) notes the occurrence of naiads of B. incnda.v,
Progomphus borealis McLachlan and Erptogomphns compositus
Hagen in the same stream in southwestern Utah. Kennedy
(1917) reports imagoes of the first two at Chico and I have
collected imagoes of the same two species near Weott. Kennedy
also reports imagoes of B. mendax and E. compositus at Friant.
The stream in each case is shallow with a rocky or gravelly
bottom, and in California, rapidly flowing.

The "redwood population" of B. mendax is significant for
several reasons. Firstly, it represents a northward extension
of the known range of this species. Secondly, it is only the
second record of this species from a habitat other than a
"desert" one. Kennedy's "Chico population" can not be con-
sidered a desert population and except for the "redwood popu-
lation" it represents the northernmost known limit for this
species. Thirdly, knowledge of these two "populations" reveals
the need for careful reevaluation of previous work and much
additional study so that a better understanding of the ecology
and distribution of western North American odonates may be

gained.

LITERATURE CITED

CALVERT, P. P. 1899. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 28(12) : 301-332.
HAGEN, H. A. 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18: 20-96.
KENNEDY, C. H. 1917. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52: 483-635.
MUSSER, J. R. 1961. Ent. News 72(2) : 53-54.
NEEDHAM, J. G., and H. B. HEYWOOD. 1929. A Handbook of the

Dragonflies of North America. Charles C. Thomas. Springfield,

111. and Baltimore, Md. 378 pp.

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1964

NEEDHAM, J. G., and M. J. WESTFALL, JR. 1955. A Manual of the
Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). University of Cali-
fornia Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 615 pp.

USINGER, R. L. (Ed.) 1956. Aquatic Insects of California. University
of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 508 pp.

Review

INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE ENTOMOLOGY. Richard M.
and Jean Fox. 1964. Reinhold Publishing Company, New
York. 450 pp., many text figures. Price, $9.50.

At last a text has been written which does not treat those
"non-insects," the myriapods and acrachnoids, as "inquilines in
the nest of entomology." The authors of Comparative Ento-
mology are to be congratulated on writing a book which inte-
grates so well the zoological aspects of the three great classes
that need to be studied together.

This book is a zoology text and it presupposes that the stu-
dent has had an introductory course in biology or zoology.
Treating entomology as a zoological discipline — rather than as
a separated specialty — should be highly advantageous to him.
Between the covers of one work he is permitted to see the zoo-
logical perspectives which are so often lost in introductory en-
tomology courses. Insects are viewed as part of a phylum
rather than as an isolated, and distantly removed group. The
absence of keys and other trappings of taxonomic procedure
permit the inclusion of subjects ordinarily missing from begin-
ning entomology texts. This is not to say that taxonomy is
ignored ; thirteen pages are devoted to a succinct discussion of
it under the heading "classification."

Comparative Entomology is primarily a comparative anatomy
of the insects, myriapods, and arachnoids. This subject is
treated in depth as is developmental anatomy. Important con-
sideration is given to the evolution of each group as well as a
review of its fossil history.

Approximately the first 200 pages are devoted to the mor-
phology of the three classes being discussed. This is a good.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

balanced treatment and it includes some functional aspects of
the structures and organ systems treated. There follows a
seventy-five page treatment of early and postovarian embryo-
genesis which is clearly presented. The section dealing with life
cycles is very well done and presents in a direct fashion material
which is usually found confusing by students. A brief chapter
on the principles of taxonomy is followed by more than one
hundred pages devoted to a treatment of the Arthropoda. This
section of the book first presents the classes making up the
Phylum and their characters, a brief treatment of its origin,
and the intraphyletic relationship of the classes. There follows
a classification of the Arachnida with a description and discus-
sion (ecology, distribution, size, fossil history) of each of its
orders. A similar treatment of Myriapoda then is given, but
the discussion does not go below subclasses. The final part of
this section is devoted to the Class Insecta, with discussions
down to the level of orders. In some of the larger orders (e.g.,
Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.) classification and
discussion are carried to suborders and even families.

Selected topical references (to broad, general works), a list
of the references cited, and an Index complete the work.

Not the least of this book's appeal is its straight forward ap-
proach to nomenclatural problems. Thus the authors have not
been guilty of a too rigid use of priority in the names of higher
categories, but they have used it in the majority of cases.

All-in-all, Comparative Entomology is a welcome addition to
the academic scene. — H. J. G.

Entomologist' s Market Place

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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Chemsak — A new species of Ancylocera (Col.) 108

Review : Ehrlich and Holm's Process oj Evolution 110

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXV APRIL, 1964 No. 4

A Preliminary Review of Maoriella, with Descrip-
tion of a New Species from the Chatham Islands.1
(Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha : Chilenophilidae)

R. E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

The aberrant pachymeriine genus Maoriella occurs in New
Zealand and adjacent islands where one species is fairly com-
mon. Only two species are known outside this area, one from
southeastern Australia, of questionable identity, and a probably
distinct and valid one from Tahiti. Maoriella is basically unlike
any chilenophilid genus known from any other part of the world
including southern South America, which shares with Australia
and New Zealand some of the same or closely similar chileno-
philid genera.

The present study attempts a preliminary review of the
genus. A new species from the Chatham Islands is described.
Utilizing a number of new characters and based upon my recent
study of the types, a new key to all but one of the known species
is proposed. I have also presented what I believe to be im-
portant generic characters as well as some thoughts about the
systematic position of Maoriella, and, finally, I have summarized
the known distributions of the species. Eventually it is my plan

1 This study was undertaken with the aid of a grant from the National
Science Foundation. I should like to express my gratitude to the follow-
ing persons who have lent me specimens or welcomed me as a guest in
their institutions to study the collections in their charge: Dr. H. W. Levi,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge;
Professor Dr. Hans Strouhal, Director, and Dr. Gerhard Pretzmann,
Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna ; Mr. Peter M. Johns, University of
Canterbury, Christchurch, Xew Zealand.

(85)

1964

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

to present a very detailed review of the genus, with a full
description of each species and full distributional citations based
upon large numbers of specimens currently being received from
several sources in New Zealand.

Maoriella is of particular interest in that, although funda-
mentally a chilenophilid, certain of its features seem more
reminiscent of the Geophilidae than of the Chilenophilidae.2
Whether this implies evolutionary convergency or the preser-
vation in Maoriella of certain stem features of the Geophilidae,
from which chilenophilids appear to have been derived, cannot
be determined with confidence, given existing evidence. None
the less, I suspect that the evidence seems to favor the first,
evolutionary convergency.

Quite clearly the cephalic plate, clypeus, phehensors, and
second maxillary coxosternites with their connecting isthmus
all bespeak the Chilenophilidae. The head, although not
strongly elongate, is still more suggestive of the dolichocephalic
chilenophilids than the brachycephalic geophilids. The clypeus
has a very typical and conspicuous fenestra.3 The prehensors,
although not so massive and long as those of more typical
chilenophilids, still extend far beyond the frontal margin of the
head. The second maxillary isthmus is very shallow and
either membranous or suturate.

On the other hand, the following features, while not entirely
excluded from the Chilenophilidae, still seem more reminiscent

2 I depart here from the higher categorical arrangement employed by
Attems in his 1929 monograph of the order (p. 157). At that time he
envisaged the Geophilidae to be divisible into a number of subfamilies,
among them Pachymerinae and Chilenophilinae. My present interpreta-
tion allies the latter two groups in a separate family, Chilenophilidae,
which is tentatively divisible into two subfamilies, Chilenophilinae and
Pachymeriinae. When Attems proposed Pachymerinae, he did not make
it clear upon which genus it was based, Pachyuicriutn C. L. Koch, or
Pachymerinus Silvestri, hence the confusion in the suffixes, -iinae versus
-inae. My suspicion is that he must have had Pachymcrntm Koch in
mind, and that Pachymerinae represents a lapsus calami.

3 Fenestra, a term proposed recently by R. V. Chamberlin to replace the
more confusing and ambiguous "clypeal area" of authors. Objectively
speaking, a number of clypeal structures could accurately be called a
clypeal area.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87

of the Geophilidae. The pleurograms,4 although foreshortened,
are prominent and arch strongly lateroanteriorly. Furthermore,
they are distinctly digressive from the obliquely arching pleuro-
prosternal sutures. The sternites are deeply foveate antero-
centrally. The posterior porefield (or porefields) of each
sternite are massively developed. The ultimate sternite is much
wider than long. The coxopleural pores do not open freely ;
instead they are aggregated, opening into concealed subsurface
cavities.

In his first important synthesis of the Geophilomorpha, Attems
included Maoriella among the geophiline genera (1926, p. 359),
but in his monograph of 1929 he relocated the genus within the
Pachymerinae (p. 279). In 1936 Archey, not having seen the
1929 monograph of Attems, independently came to the same
conclusion (p. 62).

MAORIELLA Attems

Maoriclla Attems, 1903. p. 284.

Mcsoleotodon Chamberlin. 1920, p. 47. Archey, 1936, p. 58.
Phllogeonus Chamberlin, 1920, p. 48. Archey, 1936, p. 58.
Novaralius Attems, 1947, p. 59. (New Synonymy).

Type-species: Maoriclla aucklandica Attems, 1903. (Subse-
quent designation of Attems, 1929, p. 279. In 1936, p. 58,
Archey designed macro stigvna as type-species, but the Attems'
selection has priority).

GENERIC DIAGNOSIS

The following features taken together will distinguish the
genus from all other known chilenophilid genera. Second
maxillary statuminia absent. Ultimate tarsus consisting of two

4 Plcurogram, a new term proposed here to replace "cliitin line,"
"Chitinleiste," and other terms of authors. Through ambiguity and
imprecision of use the older terms have too often led to confusion and
error. Neither do they have the advantage of linguistic neutrality con-
ferred by classical derivation, which explains in large part why no one of
them has ever been adopted universally. The pleurogram is not to be
confused with the pleuroprosternal suture, the latter always coursing
laterad of the former.

88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

articles ; an unguiform pretarsus present. Ventral porefields of
the more anterior sternite massively developed. Ultimate pedal
sternite much wider than long. Coxopleural pores opening into
concealed subsurface cavities.

The following is an extended diagnostic characterization of
the genus as it is now known.

CEPHALIC PLATE. Always longer than wide. CLYPEUS.
Much wider than long, i.e., distance between paraclypeal sutures
much greater than greatest anteroposterior distance. Antero-
medially with a prominent fenestra. Prelabral plagulae absent.
Paraclypeal sutures prominent and complete. LABRUM. Dis-
tinctly tripartite ; the sidepieces anteriorly overlapping the small
triangular midpiece and nearly contiguous. Midpiece without
distinct teeth or filaments. Sidepieces with long hyaline fila-
ments. FIRST MAXILLAE. Coxosternum without midlongi-
tudinal division or infolding; without lappets. Each telopodite
distinctly bipartite, with a robust lappet. SECOND MAXILLAE.
Isthmus very shallow anteroposteriorly ; midlongitudinally nar-
rowly infolded and membranous, or membranous but not in-
folded, or apparently suturate, the two coxosternites thus said
to be separated medially. Postmaxillary sclerites absent. Pore
openings open mesally, without raised thickenings or statuminia.
Telopodite : ventral condyle of first article well-developed, the
dorsal condyle vestigial or essentially absent; terminal claw
without filaments or serrulations, extremely long and thin.
PROSTERNUM. Anterior denticles present, these vestigial and
small to very long and prominent. Pleuroprosternal sutures
arching lateroanteriorly and meeting or nearly meeting anterior
margin. Pleurograms present but relatively short, digressive
from their pleuroprosternal sutures. PREHENSOR. Anteriorly
extending far beyond forward margin of head. Tarsungula and
trochanteroprefemur each with a prominent denticle ; intermedial
articles without denticles. LEGS. Each pretarsal claw with two
parungues, these short and not hypertrophied. STERNITES.
Without carpophagus-structures. On anterior part of body each
sternite with a deep anterocentral fovea. Anterolateral pore-
fields present but very small and vague. Posterior porefields :
On anterior part of body each sternite either with a single, tin-

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89

interrupted, essentially elliptical band of pores, or this band
midlongitudinally divided by a narrow sulcus to form, in effect,
two pore fields ; on middle and posterior parts of body eacb
sternite (except ultimate pedal sternite) with two distinctly
separated porefields. ULTIMATE PEDAL SEGMENT. Pretergite
bilaterally non-fissate. Greatest width of sternite always ex-
ceeding greatest length. Coxopleuron : Not greatly inflated ;
without freely-opening pores, ventrally with two pore cavities,
the more posterior homogenous or heterogenous, the more an-
terior heterogenous, anteroventrally with a third pore cavity,
this heterogenous. Ultimate leg : Not inflated in females, slightly
inflated in males ; with two tarsal articles ; pretarsus strongly
unguiform. POSTPEDAL SEGMENTS. Female gonopods fused at
midline, flat, low, each unipartite. Male gonopods widely
separated, conical, each apparently unipartite. Anal pores
prominent, lateral.

KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES OF MAORIELLA 5

la Clypeal setae very few in number, confined to anterocentral
portion of clypeus, none lateral (FiG. 2). Prosternal
denticles very long and sharply pointed or else blunt and
abortive ( FIG. 4) 2

Ib Clypeal setae very numerous, extending across full width of
anterior clypeus between paraclypeal sutures (FiG. 1).
Prosternal denticles essentially absent or blunt and abortive
(Fie. 3) 3

2a Prosternal denticles very long and sharply pointed. On
anterior part of body each sternite with one continuous,
posterior porefield. Denticle of trochanteroprefemur long,
essentially as long as denticle of tarsungula. Pedal segments
ca. 53-57 ecdema, sp.n.

2b Prosternal denticles short, blunt, abortive. On anterior part
of body each sternite with the posterior porous area mid-
longitudinally divided by a narrow sulcus. Denticle of
trochanteroprefemur short, much shorter than tarsungular
denticle. Pedal segments ca. 41-49. .zelanica (Chamberlin)

3a Pedal segments 91 (in holotype, only known specimen). On

anterior part of body each sternital posterior porous area
divided by a midlongitudinal sulcus. . . . aucklandica Attems

5 Docs not include anstralis Archey, q.v.

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

3b Pedal segments ca. 61-65. Sternital porous areas single or
double 4

4a Denticle of trochanteroprefemur very short, much shorter
than that of the tarsungula. On anterior part of body each
sternital porous area midlongitudinally divided by a narrow
sulcus macrostigma Attems

4b Denticle of trochanteroprefemur essentially as long as that
of tarsungula, both (relative to those of other species) short
and blunt. On anterior part of body each sternital porous

area single, without midlongitudinal sulcus

edentatus (Attems)

Maoriella zelanica (Chamberlin)

Philogeonus zelanicus Chamberlin, 1920, p. 48. Archey, 1936,
p. 61.

Type Locality: New Zealand, Lake Takopema (Chamberlin)
= Lake Takapuna (Archey), near Auckland.

Type Deposition : Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University.

Distribution : Known only from North Island, New Zealand.

Maoriella aucklandica Attems

Maoriella aucklandica Attems, 1903, p. 285.

Type Locality : New Zealand, Auckland, Bay of Islands.
Type Deposition : Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Distribution : Known only from the type-locality.

Maoriella macrostigma Attems

Maoriella macrostigma Attems, 1903, p. 284.

Mesoleotodon lactus Chamberlin, 1920, p. 47. Archey, 1936,

p. 60.

Type Locality : New Zealand, North Island. Neither the
original description nor Attems' specimen labels gives a more
precise locality citation.

Type Deposition : Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 91

Distribution : New Zealand, North and South Islands. "Al-
though this species is found in hilly country inland, it is com-
moner near the coast, and sometimes occurs on the beaches
below high water. It is the common garden centipede of
Auckland." (Archey, 1936, p. 61).

Remarks : The original description was based upon four
syntypes, three of which I have been able to locate in the Attems
Collection at Vienna. All are clearly conspecific. One of these
had been dissected by Attems, but the microscopical preparation
of its mouthparts has not been found. I hereby designate the
female with 63 pedal segments as the lectotype ; it has been
labelled accordingly.

Although the species was legitimately described as macro-
stigma originally, the specimen labels in Attems' handwriting
give the name as micro stigma, but it is clear that these are
indeed the true types of macrostigma, and that he altered the
name prior to publication.

In 1929 (p. 279) Attems distinguished between macrostigma
and aucklandica as follows : "91 Beinpaare. Hinterrand des
Kopfschildes eingebuchtet. Stigmen sehr klein : 1. J\I. auck-
landica; 63-65 Beinpaare. Hinterrand des Kopfschildes gerade.
Stigmen sehr gross : 2. M. macrostigma." I have found the last
two characters to be untrustworthy. The first of them seems
very subtle and is in addition probably intraspecifically variable.
The second is too subjective; a study of the types does not
recommend its utility.

Maoriella edentatus (Attems) (New Combination)

Norvaralius edentatus Attems, 1947, p. 59.

Type Locality: Tahiti (Novara Expedition). No more spe-
cific locality than this is given in the original description or on
the specimen labels.

Type Deposition: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Distribution : Known only from the type locality.

Remarks : There is no question that the holotype is a
Maoriella. Dr. Attems' original description of the genus and
species is in error in regard to a number of important characters,

92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

which doubtless led him to create a new genus for the reception
of the species.

The specimen is in very poor condition and was obviously
advanced in age at the time of its capture. The prehensorial
denticles, for example, seem worn, so that the very short tarsun-
gular denticle could simply represent wear rather than the
natural condition, but without other specimens for study this
cannot be established confidently. I feel, however, that this
represents the original condition. Apart from the very small
aforementioned denticle and the undivided porefields of the
anterior part of the body, cdcntatus is very similar to macro-
stigma. We cannot exclude the possibility that this specimen,
though aberrant, is conspecific with macrostigma.

The presence of a Maoriclla in Tahiti, separated by a vast
expanse of ocean from New Zealand, is of zoogeographical and
ethnological interest because of the likelihood of its having been
brought there, if it is actually a macrostigma, by early Poly-
nesians in their astonishing voyages of exploration and settle-
ment. In both Tahiti and New Zealand oral traditions describe
voyages made between Central Polynesia and New Zealand.
It is known that these early voyagers carried vegetation and
other produce in their canoes, so that the possibility of chance
introduction of small arthropods in this manner by man can
by no means be ruled out.

Maoriella australis Archey

Maoriclla australis Archey, 1936, p. 63.

Type Locality : Australia, Victoria, Chillingollah.

Type Deposition : Australian National Museum, Melbourne.

Distribution : Known only from the type locality.

Remarks : In presenting austral is as new. Dr. Archey com-
pared it writh macrostigma; however, his diagnosis is not suffi-
ciently detailed to permit his species' being included in the
present key. His species may indeed be a distinct entity, or it
could be a macrostigma. Several other chilopod species — doubt-
less through introduction by man — inhabit both southeastern
Australia and New Zealand.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93

Maoriella ecdema, sp. n.

The new species differs from the known members of the
genus in its possession of very long, pointed, dark prosternal
denticles, and in its very long trochanteroprefemoral denticle,
which is as long as the denticle of the tarsungula. The new
form seems most like zclanica, differing from it in a number of
characters, perhaps most notably in the following:

M. ecdema: (1) Prosternal denticles very long and sharply
pointed. (2) Trochanteroprefemoral denticle as long as that of
tarsungula. (3) On anterior part of body each sternite with a
posterior porous area that is strictly undivided. (4) Paramedial
sulci of head-plate and tergites present and prominent. (5)
Pedal segments ca. 53-57.

M. zclanica: (1) Prosternal denticles abortive and blunt.
(2) Trochanteroprefemoral denticle much shorter than that of
tarsungula. (3) On anterior part of body each sternite with
posterior porous area midlongitudinally divided by a sulcus.

(4) Paramedial sulci of head-plate absent or essentially so.

(5) Pedal segments ca. 41^-9.

DESCRIPTION

Holotype, female. NEW ZEALAND, Chatham Island, Port
Hutt, "Under stones, high water mark" ; E. \Y. Dawson, leg. ;
8 February 1954. Deposited in the University of Canterbury
Museum, Christchurch. New Zealand.

INTRODUCTION. Length. 36 mm. Pedal segments, 57.
Color : Antennae and head light yellowish-brown ; tergites and
legs pale sordid yellow. Shape : Very slightly attenuate anteri-
orly and posteriorly, the rear 5-6 segments strongly attenuate.

ANTENNAE. Length (extended in Hover's mountant), 5 mm.
Shape : Not flattened ; articles filiform ; the more proximal ones
very long, thereafter decreasing gradually in length. Setae
gradually increasing in number and decreasing in length from
first through ultimate article. Ultimate article with special
hyaline short robust setae on lateral, mesal and anterior sur-
faces. CEPHALIC PLATE. Length, 1.38 mm, greatest width (<>n

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

anterior third) 1.08 mm. Anterior and rear margins essentially
straight, sides slightly excurved, corners broadly rounded.
Setae few but very long. Frontal sulcus present, joining the
prominent paramedian longitudinal sulci. Prebasal plate en-
tirely covered. CLYPEUS. Much broader than long. Para-
clypeal sutures straight, wide, complete, meeting outer ends of
fulcra. Anterocentrally with a prominent elliptical fenestra, this
minutely punctate, not areolate. Prelabral setae absent ; remain-
ing setae occupying anterocentral part of clypeus, none lateral.
LABRUM. Midpiece essentially triangular, anteriorly overlapped
by the nearly contiguous medial ends of the sidepieces. Each
sidepiece with long hyaline filaments, each filament basally broad
and narrowing distally to a shart point. Sidepieces and fulcra
separated from clypeus by a distinct suture. FIRST MAXILLAE.
Coxosternum continuous centrally, without setae or lappets.
Telopodite distinctly bipartite, the apical article very blunt, with
a prominent lappet. SECOND MAXILLAE. Isthmus membranous
centrally, i.e., in effect the two coxosternites separated. Post-
maxillary sclerites and statuminia absent. Pore openings
mesially open. Telopodite : First article with well-developed
ventral condyle, the dorsal condyle vestigial, virtually absent ;
apical claw extremely long and thin. PROSTERNUM. Anterior
denticles triangular, very long, sharply pointed, deeply pig-
mentecl. Pleuroprosternal sutures arching obliquely laterally,
complete to anterolateral margin. Pleurograms digressive from
pleuroprosternal sutures, short, not passing toward condyles.
PREHENSOR. When flexed, far exceeding anterior head margin.
Dorsal and ventral blade edges smooth, not serrulate. Denticles :
Absent on intermedial articles ; that of trochanteroprefemur
essentially thumb-shaped and as long as that of ungula which is
triangular and sharply pointed. Poison calyx short, with long
digitiform appendices, in intermedial articles. Poison gland
short, terminating in trochanteroprefemur. TERGITES. Basal
plate : Anteriorly as wide as rear of headplate, posteriorly
slightly narrower than first tergite ; on each side of midline with
a large unpigmented area. First through penult pedal tergites
each bisulcate, clothed with few but long setae. SPIRACIES. The

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

first very slightly elliptical, those remaining circular. LEGS.
Relatively long and thin, with long setae. Pretarsi : Extremely
long and thin, the distal half of each curved ventrad ; anterior
parungues much longer and more robust than posterior parun-

Fit;. 1. M. macrostigma (not holotype). Clypeus and lahrum ; all setae
shown. FIG. 2. M. ecdana (holotype). Clypeus and labruni ; all setae
shown. FIG. 3. M. macrostigma. Left prehensor and part of pro-
sternum; setae deleted. FIG. 4. M. ccdcma (holotype). Left prehensor
and part of prosternum ; setae deleted, a = pleuroprosternal suture,
b = pleurogram. FIG. 5. M. ccdcma (holotype). First and second
maxillae; membranous, non-areolate areas stippled. FIG. 6. M. ccdcuiti
(holotype). Ultimate pedal segment; ventral aspect; setae delctc-d ;
concealed glandular apparatus in broken lines.

96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

gues, the former about ^ as long as their claws proper.
STERNITES. Carpophagus-structures absent. Sternites of about
anterior quarter of body each with a deep anterocentral fovea.
Subcoxal porefields present on all pedal segments but the last.
Anterolateral porefields represented by very few, minute pores
on all but the final segments. Posterior porefields : Present on
all pedal segments except the ultimate; those of segments 1-18
each single, forming a wide elliptical band, from 19 through
penult each porefield divided in two, the two parts gradually
becoming smaller and more separated on successive sternite
posteriorly. ULTIMATE PEDAL SEGMENT. Pretergite bilaterally
not fissate, i.e., fused with its pleurites. Greatest width slightly
in excess of length ; sides slightly excurved, posteriorly con-
vergent ; rear margin straight. Presternite centrally divided.
Sternite : Greatest width greatly in excess of length ; sides and
rear corners rounded. Coxopleuron : Laterally not swollen ;
anteriorly not extending forward of rear margin of penult
segment ; setae very sparse ; with three pore-cavities, the most
posterior ventral, simple, homogeneous, the middle one ventral,
with aggregated pores, heterogeneous, the anterior one ventro-
anterior, extending forward dorsad along margin of coxopleuron,
with aggregated pores, heterogeneous. Leg : Not at all inflated ;
setae sparse but very long ; tarsus bipartite ; pretarsus strongly
unguiform. POSTPEDAL SEGMENTS. Female gonopods fused
at midline, each unipartite, very low and broad. Anal pores
prominent, lateral, homogeneous.

PARATYPES

The two female paratypes have 55 and 57 pedal segments.
All three male paratypes have 53 pedal segments. Size range
of the whole series, 31-36 mm. In general the paratypes agree
closely with the holotype in all significant particulars. The
males differ sexually dimorphically from the females as follows :
Ultimate legs very slightly inflated, their ventral setae extremely
numerous and short ; gonopods widely separated, each long but
apparently only unipartite.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97

The holotype and four of the paratypes are deposited in the
University of Canterbury Museum. The fifth paratype is
deposited in the myriapod collection of the U. S. National
Museum.

REFERENCES

ARCHEY, G, 1936. A revision of the Chilopoda of New Zealand. Part 1.

Rec. Auckland Inst. Mus. 2 : 43-70.
ATTEMS, CARL GRAF VON, 1903. Synopsis der Geophiliden. Zool. Jahrb.

(Syst.) 18: 155-302.
— , 1926. Myriopoden. In. Kiikenthal-Krumbach, Handb. d. Zoologie

4: 1-402.

— , 1929. 1. Geophilomorpha. In, Das Tierreich, Lief. 52: 1-388.
— , 1947. Neue Geophilomorpha des Wiener Museums. Sonderab.

Naturh. Mus. Wien 55 : 50-149.

CHAMBERLIN, R. V., 1920. The Myriopoda of the Australian Region.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 64 : 1-269.

Distribution of the Bagworm in Pennsylvania 1

WINAND K. HOCK and ROBERT SNETSINGER, Department of

Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University,

Universitv Park, Pennsylvania

j •/

The bagworm, Tliyridoptcryx cplicnicracjonnis (Haworth),
Psychidae, is frequently a serious pest of ornamental plantings,
i.e., arbovitae, juniper, and honey locust. The spread of this
moth is considerably inhibited, because the adult females are
flightless and the larvae can only swing to nearby trees on their
silken threads, be carried a few miles by wind currents, or
crawl a few hundred yards to a nearby tree. Probably the
most important factor in the dissemination of the bagworm is
the transportation of infested nursery stock into bagworm-free
areas.

During the past several years, records of the distribution of
the bagworm were obtained : by searching the files of the Exten-

1 Authorized for publication on October 10, 1963, as paper Xo. 2833 in
the journal series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

sion Entomologists of the Pennsylvania State University ;
checking the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Agriculture in Harrisburg, and the Depart-
ment of Entomology of the Pennsylvania State University ; from
Tietz ; - and by two years of collecting. Dr. J. A. Cox, Erie
County Research Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity, also made several years observations on overwintering.

The data on distribution are shown in Fig. 1. As may be
seen, the bagworm is restricted to the southern half of Pennsyl-
vania. It appears to be more abundant in the southeastern, the
southwestern, and the Susquehanna Valley regions and appears
to be lacking at the higher elevations in the mountains of Central
Pennsylvania. The occurrence of the bagworm coincides rather
closely to the Austral Faunal Zone.

During the months of July and August in 1960, 1961, and
1962, bagworms were introduced on ornamental plantings of
arbovitae and juniper at State College, Centre County, and in
Erie County, and an infestation of bagworms was observed at
Kennett Square, Chester County. No bagworms survived in
any of the three years at State College ; bagworms survived dur-
ing one year out of three in Erie County and during three years
out of three in Chester County. Evidently the shortness of the
season and the severity of the overwintering conditions asso-
ciated with the northern part of the state and the higher eleva-
tions in the mountain areas prevent the bagworm from maturing
and thus restrict its distribution.

Since Pennsylvania is at a northern extremity of the bag-
worm's range and because of the limited means of dissemination
available to the bagworm, cold winters, appropriate chemical
control, and rigid quarantine measurements on in-state and out-
of-state shipments of nursery stock could be made use of to
eradicate this pest in Pennsylvania.

2 TIETZ, H. M. (Undated). The Lepidoptera of Pennsylvania. The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. 1-194.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99

PENNSYLVANIA RECORDS :!

ADAMS Co.: Gettysburg, VIII-62, (Pepper*); VIII-9-63,
(Hevvetson*) ; East Berlin, VIII-62, (Pepper*) ; Idaville, VIII-
62, (Pepper*) ; near Heidlersburg, VI-21-63, ( Hock and Lonie).
ALLEGHENY Co.: Pittsburgh, (Chermock*) ; near Pittsburgh,
VII-7-63, (Udine*). ARMSTRONG Co. : VIII-48, (Menusan*) ;
IX-13-56, (Adams* ) . BEAVER Co. : IX-13-56, (Adams*) ; Free-
dom, VIII-10-61. BEDFORD Co. : Everett, VII-30-63, (Hock and
Lonie*). BERKS Co.: Morgantown, VI-5-30, VI-10-30, VII-

I N i w v am*

«-

>~TljL— — WaJ tB-pioei I

\- y

" -

FIG. 1. Distribution of the bagworm in Pennsylvania.

8-30, (Long) ; near Reading, VII-19-62, (Snetsinger and
Hock*) ; Kutztown, (Gruber). BUCKS Co.: Tullytown, IX-4-
22, IX-6-22, IX-9-22, IX-11-22, (Haimbach) ; Langhorn
(Haimbach) ; Warrington, VII-8-63, (Hock*) ; Neshaminy.
\"II-9-63, (Lonie*). CARBON Co.: Palmerton, VIII-22-63,
(Hock and Lonie*). CENTRE Co.: Spring Mills, VI-4-1/.
(Trimble). CHESTER Co. : West Chester, X-23-16. (Thomas*) :
Kennett Square, VII-60-61-62, (Snetsinger*) : West Chester,
VII-18-62, (Snetsinger and Hock*); Phoenixville, VII-19-62,
(Snetsinger and Hock*) ; Spring City, VII-19-62, (Snetsinger
and Mock*); Toughkenamon, \' 1 1- 19-62. (Snetsinger ami
Hock*); Kennett Square, VIII-5-63, (Hock and Lonie*).

3 All Collections after 1900.

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

CUMBERLAND Co.: IV-18-62 (Udine*). DAUPHIN Co.: Har-
risburg, VIII-30-21, IX-15-21, IX-25-23, (Anderson) ; XI-22-
44, (Udine*) ; Water Gap, VII-1S-62, ( Snetsinger and Hock* ) ;
High Spire, VII-1S-62, (Snetsinger and Hock*); VIII-5-63,
(Hock and Lonie*) ; Middletown, VII-18-62, (Snetsinger and
Hock*); Water Gap, VII-5-63, (Hock and Lonie*). DELA-
WARE Co.: VI-30-35, (Pepper*). FAYETTE Co.: VII-7-63
(Udine*) ; Uniontown, VII-16-63, (Hock and Lonie*).
FRANKLIN Co.: VII-25-39, VII-2-62, (Pepper*) ; Spring Run,
VI-22-63, (Snetsinger*). FULTON Co.: near McConnellsburg,
VII-31-63, (Hock and Lonie*). GREENE Co.: Waynesburg,
VII-15-63, (Hock and Lonie*). HUNTINGTON Co. : Mt. Union,
VII-31-63, (Hock and Lonie*) ; near Sky Beaver, VII-19-63,
(Hock and Lonie*) ; McConnellstown, VIII-19-63, (Hock and
Lonie*). JUNIATA Co.: VII-23-40, (Richmond*); Mifflin-
town, VII-2S-62, (Snetsinger*). LANCASTER Co.: near Inter-
course, VII-18-62, (Snetsinger and Hock*) ; Quarry ville,
(Hopkins). LEBANON Co.: Palmyra, VII-10-17, (Thomas*);
Annville, VII-19-62, (Snetsinger and Hock*). LEHIGH Co.:
VIII-2-38, (Pepper*). MIFFLIN Co. : Yeagertown, VII-18-62,
(Snetsinger and Hock*) ; Lewistown, VIII-21-63, (Hock and
Lonie*). MONTGOMERY Co. : Linfield, HI-3-17, (Fry) ; VI-12-

62, (Sleesman*). NORTHAMPTON Co.: Berlinsville, VIII-22-

63, (Hock and Lonie*) ; Raubsville, VIII-22-63, (Hock and
Lonie*). NORTHUMBERLAND Co.: Sunbury, VIII-22-63,
(Hock and Lonie*). PERRY Co. : near Amity Hall, VII-18-62,
(Snetsinger and Hock*) ; Marysville, VII-28-62, VII-8-63,
(Snetsinger*). PHILADELPHIA Co.: Philadelphia, IX-15-01,
IX-7-06; Philadelphia, VII-19-62, (Snetsinger and Hock*).
SNYDER Co.: Shanokin Dam, VII-8-63, (Hock and Lonie*).
WASHINGTON Co.: X-31, (Long); VII-18-62, (Keeler*) ;
Finleyville ; Washington, VII-17-63, (Hock and Lonie*).
WESTMORELAND Co. : V-18-62, (Yackley*) ; New Alexandria,
VII-17-63, (Hock and Lonie*). YORK Co. : York, VIII-22-17,
(Thomas*) ; V-18-55, (Pepper*).

* Field Records.

I.XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101

Further Notes on the American Taxa of Campso-
meris (Hymenoptera : Scoliidae)

J. CHESTER BRADLEY *

Seven years ago I initiated a revisionary study of the sub-
generic division of the American species of Campsomeris ( Brad-
ley, 1957). At that time the division of that genus was not in
a satisfactory state so far as the fauna of any part of the world
was concerned, and my paper was a preliminary attempt to
bring some order into the classification of the American species ;
also to point out apparent relationships with Indo-Australasian
groups that Dr. J. G. Betrem had previously established. These
Old World taxa needed much more discriminating study than
had then been given them.

In the intervening years Dr. Betrem has completed a much
more intensive study of the generic and subgeneric classification
of the Indo-Australasian species of Campsomeris, employing
structural characters that had previously escaped attention. It
is expected that this will be published during 1964 in the Tijd-
schrift voor Entomologie. Since July, 1961, Dr. Betrem, work-
ing with me here at Cornell University, has been extending his
studies of these genera to the Ethiopian fauna, and now is begin-
ning to fit the American taxa into his classification.

The results show that typical Campsomeris is the only sub-
genus represented in both hemispheres ; it is represented in the
Old World only by the section Scricocauipsoincris Betrem, 1941,
from China, the Philippines, Eastern India, and the East Indies.
Diclis occurs only in America, the fact now having been dis-
covered that its type-species, instead of being Australian, is the
North American C. plmnipcs (Drury).

In my 1957 paper I listed the species and subspecies belong-
ing to each taxon. By mistake I included two manuscript names
for forms that I am now describing, in order to establish the
nomina nnda.

* This work was completed under a grant from the National Science
Foundation of the United States of America.

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

It was not my intention to include all the synonymous nominal
species, but only those that were not already well-known, to
which I wished to draw attention, or of which I wished to con-
firm the synonymy. I have now added a few more ; but neither
publication lists all synonymized names.

This paper follows along, page by page, with my 1957 paper,
indicating in sequence the changes, additions, and corrections
that should now be made.

P. 69 Eliminate "Subgenus CAMPSOMERIELLA Betrem"
and its species groups. Substitute in its place :

Subgenus DIELIS Saussure and Sichel, 1864

Type-species: Scolia radula Fabr., 1775 [= Sphe.v pluniipcs
Drury, 1770] = Campsomeris plumipes (Drury) Viereck, 1916.

Dr. Betrem (1962) has shown that the type of Dielis is the
American Scolia radula Fabr., not the Australian Tiphia radula
Fabr. as had been thought. The species listed below therefore
belong to Dielis. He regards Campsomcriella as a different,
wholly Old-World subgenus.

I. Group of C. plumipes (Drury)
Replace the list of species with the following:

1. C. chilensis (Sauss.) Bradley [= similar is Rohwer]
(should have been marked "new synonymy"). 2. C. dorsata
(Fabr.) Bradley [= Sc. haematog astro, Perty -- Col pa rubida
Lep. = Elis pygmaea Schrottky = Sc . revcrsa Schulz.], 3. C.
plumipes (Drury) Viereck [= Sc. radula Fabr. == Sc. quadri-
cincta Klug] with subspecies: fossnlana (Fabr.) Bradley, con-
fluenta (Say) Bradley, 4. C. tolteca (Sauss.) Bradley, with var.
dives Provancher, 5. C. trifasciata (Fabr.) Bradley \-Colpa
ale.vandri Lep.] with its subspecies nassaiiensis Bradley, 6. C.
^vhitel\n Kirby (should not have been marked "new combina-
tion")".

P. 70 Campsomeris pilipcs (Saussure)

Dr. Betrem advises me that this species must form a new sub-
genus of its own, which will be described in due course.

IxxvJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103

Groups I and II of Did is as listed on p. 70 will become en-
demic Indo-Australasian subgenera. True Diclis is limited to
tbe New World. Its second species group is :

II. Group of C. pseudonyma (Schulz)
Distribution : Bahamas, Brazil, and Paraguay.

List of Species

1. C. cutripilis (Fox) Bradley, 2. C. bakamensis n. sp., 3.
C. pseudonyma (Schulz) Bradley [= sinithii (Fox)].

Campsomeris (Dielis) bahamensis n. sp.

J. Head and thorax black, immaculate, except for an indis-
tinct yellowish fleck on each side of the pronotum and, in the
holotype and some others, the metanotum with a median yellow
spot ; legs piceous, the hind tarsi reddish ; abdomen orange-
yellow, the following black: vertical surface of t. 2(1), basal
band (about ?, ) on t. 3(2) and 4(3), each produced medially,
flecks on 4(3 ) ; last t. darker ; st. 3(2) and 4(3 ) piceous, except
the apex of each side yellow. All vestiture dark orange to cop-
pery except coppery brown on last t. and the abdominal fringes
light golden yellow ; no tomentum on thorax. Yestiture of
front, occiput, and anterior part of the dorsum dense and erect.
Tibial spurs ferruginous. Wings yellowish, somewhat smoky
beyond the cells.

Disc of clyp. finely p. around its margins ; sp. fr. closely,
finely p. ; v. coarse p., only a few p. behind the oc.

Mesosc. coarsely p., imp. and shining medially; disc of scut,
p. around its lateral anterior edges, imp. and shining medially ;
metan. p. but not densely. Ar. h. m. tufted, densely p., sharply
margined behind, acute medially; a.h.l. densely p.. tufted; ar. p.
narrowly, densely, p. above and laterally ; a.l. punctate and setose
except for a small median area on the anterolateral margin; the
longer hind tibia! spur long and slender, blunt but not spatulate.

Length 17 mm.

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

Holotype : Bahama Islands : Crooked Island. 20 Febr. (Green-
way — Museum of Comparative Zoology).

Paratypes: Bahama Islands: Crooked Island, 8$ (Greemvay
— Museum of Comparative Zoology) ; 2 J. Mar. '34 (Utowana
Expedition— M. C. Z.) ; Fortune Island. 7$. 21 Febr. '33
(Greemvay — M. C. Z.) ; Inagua Island. 1 $. July '38 (McLean
and Shreve— M. C. Z.). 1 $. 27 Febr. '33 (M.' C. Z.) ; Long
Island, Simmon's. 3$. July (M. C. Z.) : Acklin's Island, Gold
Rock. 1$, 6 Mar. '09 (W. \Y. \Yorthington— Carnegie Mu-
seum).

P. 71 XAXTHOCAMPSOMERIS Bradley

Dr. Betrem, not surprisingly, finds that our American species
of Xanthocampsomeris are subgenerically different from the
Indo-Australasian forms. He has placed the latter in the typical
section of a new subgenus. Therefore eliminate "1. Group of
C. aiirulcnta (Smith)" and the discussion that follows it.

At present we will not divide Xanthocampsomeris into species
groups, although distinctions exist that will eventually require
division.

In the list of species, the only change is to indicate yncatan-
cnsis as a nomen nudum. instead of with Rohwer as author.

Campsomeris coinpleta yucatanensis subsp. n.

1°57 Campsomeris coinplcta yucatanensis Bradley, nomen nu-
dum. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 83: 71.

5- The female differs from the female of coinplcta Rohwer in
that t. 3(2) and usually t. 2(1). sometimes t. 4(3) have sepa-
rated triangular yellow spots, rarely barely attingent. It differs
from the females of tricincta Fabr. and juh'ohirta Cresson in
having st. 3(2) and 4(3) entirely black.

A. p. sloping gradually into the a. h.. which is evenly p.
throughout, without tomentum. T. 4(3) with an apical yellow
band, usually narrowly interrupted medially. L. 15-16 m.

The paratypes are like the type except that one has the spots
on t. 4(3) and two have those on t. 2(1) slightly fused.

Yucatan. 6 5- holotype and 5 paratypes (Gaumer— British
Museum) Holotype, labelled with my red holotype label, and 4

lx.\v| I.XTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105

paratypes, labelled \vith my blue paratype labels, all in the
British Museum. One paratype retained in Cornell University.

P. 72 The first group of Pygodasis should be group of C.
quadrimaculata (Fabr. ).

P. 73 List of Species

It should have been noted that it was new synonymy to list
C. fossor (Sauss.) and C. talpa (Sauss.) as synonyms of C.
bistrimacula (not bistrimaculata) (Lep.) ; species No. 3, quadri-
notata should be listed as a synonym of No. 2, C. quadrimacu-
lata, of which it is an infrasubspecific form ; species No. 5, vittata
had already been placed in Campsoincris by me in 1945.

The footnote requires modification: Bradley (in press) has
shown that "Jamaica" surely refers to Jamaica, Long Island,
and that quadrinotata is an infrasubspecific form of quadri-
macitlata, the older name.

II. Group of C. ephippium (Say)

Scolia bisignata Packard. 1st Report Peabody Academy of
Sciences, 1869, p. 81, ^, from Quito, Ecuador, is a junior syno-
nym of Caiiipsoineris (Pygodasis) ephippium wagneriana
(Sauss.), new synonymy. I have seen the holotype, a unique
5. in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni-
versity. It bears a mss. label (probably Packard's) "Scolia
bisignata Pack. Quito, Orton" and a red printed label "Type
500." By a lapsus calami Dalla Torre credited this nominal
species to Smith instead of Packard. The subspecies wagneriana
was described only from the male sex, so that Packard's holo-
type of bisignata is also the female allotype of wagneriana.

Scolia pctitii Guerin in Duperry. Yoy. Coquille, Zool. 1838,
v. 2, p. 249, is a synonym of Campsomeris (Pygodasis) cphip-
piinn c^hi^iiiin ( Say ) as noted long ago by Saussure and Siclid
and by me (1('45. p. 18) where I referred to its types. The
male in the Paris Museum, the male in the Genoa Museum, and
the female in the Munich Museum, each labelled "type" and

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

"Mex" are syntypes. I hereby designate the male in Paris
"lectotype."

According to van der Vecht (1957, p. 25) there are two more
syntypes of petitii in the Leiden Museum.

P. 74 Subgenus AELOCAMPSOMERIS Bradley

P. 74 In the list of species of the subgenus Aelocampsomeris,
No. 3 should read "C. variegata (Fabr.) Bradley."

Section CAMPSOMERIS Guerin *

P. 75 List of Species

1. C. otrata (Fabr.) Bequaert, 2. peregrina (Lep.) Betrem
\-rcglna (Sauss.), — regalis (Sichel)], 3. regifica Bradley,
4. vitripennis (Smith) Bradley [== mjnscata (Lep.) Bradley,
= subobscura (Smith) Bradley, = Inciflita Bradley, all syn.
novae].

Campsomeris (Campsomeris) vitripennis (Smith)

1845 Colpa mjnscata Lep. J\ but described as $. Hist. nat.

ins. Hymen, v. 3, p. 537, s\n. nova; nee Scolia infuscata

Klug, 1832.
1855 Scolia subobscura Smith, Cat. hymen, ins. in Brit, mus.,

p. 102, new name for Colpa infuscata Lep., nee Scolia

infuscata Klug, 1832, syn. nova.
1855 Scolia vitripennis Smith, $, loc. cit., p. 108.
1864 Elis (Dielis) infuscata Sauss. and Sich., incorrectly re-
described as a 5. Cat. esp. ancien gen. Scolia, p. 215.

(Species unknown to those authors.)
1864 Elis (Diclis} vitripennis Sauss. and Sich., J\ Loc. cit.,

p. 216.
1927 Campsomeris lucida Bradley, J. An. Soc. cient. Argent.

103: 168 (a misidentification).
1940 Campsomeris luciflua Bradley, $. Loc. cit.. 130: 10.

Syn. nova.
1957 Campsomeris (Campsomeris} z'itripennis Bradley.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 83 : 75.

* Guerin described Campsomeris as a subgenus of Scolia, therefore
retained atrata in Scolia.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107

Lepeletier gave this species the name Colpa infuscata in the
year 1845. He thought that he was descrihing a female, hut
his holotype is a male. This led Saussure and Sichel, who nat-
urally had never seen any such female, to retain it as a species
apart from vitripennis, although placing it in adjacent position.
Smith regarded infuscata Lep. as a secondary homonym of
Scolia infuscata Klug, and changed the name to subobscura, but
Saussure and Sichel did not adopt that change, because they
did not accept the secondary synonymy.

Smith, never having seen Lepeletier's type of infuscata, was
also misled in regard to its sex. He redescribed the true male
as a new species, vitripennis, in the same publication in which
he had proposed the name subobscura to replace infuscata.

There are two reasons why we may and must continue to
use the name vitripennis: In the first place, since subobscura and
vitripennis are of the same date, and no reviser has selected
between them, I, now, as first reviser, choose vitripennis. The
second reason is that since the synonymy of subobscura and
vitripennis is new synonymy, and subobscura has not been used
as a valid name for more than a century, the Code now forbids
its resurrection.

P. 75 LISSOCAMPSOMERIS Bradley

P. 76 In listing brasiliana (Sauss.) and gerstaeckeri (Sauss.)
as synonyms of argentea (Hal.), I should have noted that this
was new synonymy.

TENEBROMERIS Betrem

Dr. Betrem (1963) finds that the resemblance between his
Indo-Australasian subgen\is Laevicampsomeris and the rare Bra-
zilian species tenebrica (not tencbricus) are due to convergence,
and has erected a new subgenus Tenebromeris for the latter
species.

RKKEREXCES CITED

BETREM, J. G. Oct., 1962. The taxon Diclis (Hymcnoptera : Scoliidae)
and its type. Ent. News 73: 205-207.

108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

— . Mar., 1963. A new Neotropical subgenus of Campsoincris (Hy-
menoptera : Scoliidae). Ent. News 74: 70-72.

BRADLEY, J. C. 31 Mar., 1945. The Scoliidae ( Hymenoptera) of north-
ern South America, with especial reference to Venezuela. 1. The
genus Cainpsomcris. Bol. de Entom. Venezolana 4 : 1-36.
— . 1957. The taxa of Caiiipsoincris (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) oc-
curring in the New World. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Sept. 25, 1957
83 : 65-77.

VAN DER VECHT, J. 1957. On some Hymenoptera from the collection of
Guerin-Meneville in the Leiden museum. Zool. mededelingen 35 :
21-31.

A New Species of Mexican Ancylocera with

Records of Others (Coleoptera:

Cerambycidae)

JOHN A. CHEMSAK, University of California, Berkeley

In the synopsis of the genus Ancylocera in Mexico (Chem-
sak, 1963, Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 36: 104-109), seven species
are listed for that country. Specimens are rare enough in col-
lections to warrant the following description of a very distinc-
tive new species and the reporting of new records of other pre-
viously described species.

Ancylocera parkeri Chemsak, new species

Male : Form narrow, elongate ; shining, elytra red, abdomen
reddish, pronotum red with black, longitudinal dorsal and ven-
tral stripes, head, appendages, and meso- and metasternum
black. Head coarsely, confluently punctate, pubescence sparse,
short, erect, depression between antennal tubercles deep ; an-
tennae slender, shorter than the body, basal segments slightly
broadened, not prominently produced apically, eleventh segment
elongate, appendiculate, longer than tenth segment, segments
almost impunctate, pubescence obsolete, segments carinate from
apex of fourth segment to appendiculation of eleventh. Pro-
notum less than H times as long as broad, apex and base slightly
constricted, sides sinuate ; disk slightly inflated dorsally near

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NK\VS 109

apex, shallowly concave longitudinally at middle, punctures at
middle coarse, subconfluent, not at all rugose transversely ;
pubescence short, pale, erect, fairly dense ; prosternum coarsely,
separately punctate longitudinally at middle, opaque at sides ;
meso- and metasternum moderately coarsely, separately punc-
tate, episternum of metathorax opaque, clothed with very fine
short appressed pubescence ; scutellum small, black, medially
impressed. Elytra over three times as long as broad ; punctures
at base very coarse, deep, linearly arranged, becoming finer and
disarranged apically ; pubescence moderately long, pale, erect ;
apices rounded, angles not produced. Legs slender, femora not
clavate, almost impunctate, pubescence sparse, femora falling
far short of elytral apices, internal apical tooth small. Abdomen
moderately densely punctate and pubescent ; apex of last sternite
emarginate-truncate. Length, 14 mm.

Holotypc male (California Academy of Sciences) from 23
miles S. Matias Romero, Oaxaca, MEXICO, VIII-14-63 (F. D.
Parker, L. A. Stange).

This species can be compared with cribricollis Bates but dif-
fers by the more densely punctate pronotum, slightly inflated
pronotum at the apex, more coarsely, densely punctate elytra,
reddish pronotum, by the denser longer pubescence, and numer-
ous other characters.

This species is named for F. D. Parker whose collecting
efforts have produced many fine specimens.

Ancylocera cribricollis Bates

Ancylocera cribricollis Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Ameri-
cana, Coleoptera, 5 : 314; Chemsak, 1963. Jour. Kansas Ent.
Soc., 36: 105.

In the redescription of this species by Chemsak (1963) the
eleventh antennal segment is listed as being less than half as
long as the tenth instead of less than twice as long.

Additional records include: 1 J\ Cuernavaca-Acapulco Road,
Mexico, 310 K, VIII-23-36 (Ball and Stone) ; 1 $, Acapulco,
Guerrero, VIII-19-63 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange).

110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1964

Ancylocera macrotela Bates

Ancylocera rugicollis, Bates (nee Fabricius), 1872, Trans. Ent

Soc. London, 1872: 91.
Ancylocera macrotela Bates, 1880, Biologia Central!- Americana

Coleoptera, 5: 68; ibid. 1885: 314 (record) ; Chemsak, 1963,

Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 36: 106.

Additional records : 1 $, 4 miles N. Quezaltepeque, El Salva-
dor, VII-18-61 (M. E. Irwin) ; 1 $, Yautepec, Morelos, Mex-
ico, VII-13-63 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange).

This work was conducted during the course of a National
Science Foundation sponsored study on North American Ceram-
bycidae (Grant G-19959). The author is grateful to A. T.
McClay, University of California, Davis and C. A. Triplehorn,
Ohio State Universitv for the loan of material.

Review

Paul R. Ehrlich and Richard W. Holm: The Process of
Evolution. 347 pp., illustrations, New York (McGraw-Hill
Book Co.). 1963. Price: $8.95.

During the past quarter century, biologists have shown an
increasing interest in organic evolution, not only because of the
current discoveries and application of hitherto unknown facts,
but also because of the major advances that have been made in
evolution theory. New data are appearing in an ever increasing
quantity, and in such numbers that our wealth of newer informa-
tion is becoming somewhat embarrassing. We shall have to
organize these newer discoveries with care and judgment if we
are not to be submerged by their sheer mass. These newer dis-
coveries present some very pressing problems to all who teach
evolution.

Fortunately, a number of new and excellent textbooks are
now on the market and the teacher is now offered aid by a
number of publishers. Which aid to choose is a very real prob-
lem, because (1) no text of a usable size can cover the entire
field, but (2) each of the current texts has its own individual

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111

virtue. Almost any teacher can now find a book that emphasizes
that aspect of evolution that most appeals to him. The few
teachers, who cannot, probably write their own books.

Thus we have a great many carefully tailored works on evo-
lution. We are perhaps justified in designating the majority
of the newer books as "custom built."

The Process of Evolution is clearly written, well organized
and contains a great deal of up-to-the-minute information. It
may be a trifle advanced for an elementary class but it would
certainly be of value to all advanced students of biology. Its
thirteen chapters are arranged under four headings that indicate
both its coverage and the aspects of evolution that it empha-
sizes : Part I, Organisms : origin and function ; II, Populations :
properties; III, Populations: differentiation; IV, Human evolu-
tion : physical and cultural.

The first three parts can be described adequately as being
"up-to-date." The fourth part emphasizes an aspect of evolution
that has long needed emphasis. The reviewer is of the opinion
that The Process of Evolution handles this aspect of the subject
better than any other text that he has seen. In this part, the
complex interaction between our cultural and our biological
evolution is described in some detail. Fortunately we are now-
beginning to realize how important this interaction is. Human
culture seems to have been one of the major selecting agents that
has determined the course of our past evolution, but it was by
no means a deus ex machine. Human culture has always

passed into the custody of those it selected, and its own evolution
was conditioned primarily by the biological abilities and limi-
tations of its custodians. Cultural and biological evolution con-
stitute a positive feedback system, and each of the evolutions
was a major factor in determining the course and speed of the
other. It is this interaction that gives us our first valid ex-
planation of both the rate and extent of human evolution.

Part IV should be read carefully and very critically by any-
one who teaches evolution to undergraduates. It should also
be required reading for anthropologists and sociologists.

CON WAY ZlRKLE

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

MAY 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 5

CONTENTS

Kramer — Review of Neotropical Xirvaninae (Homoptera) ... 113

Kim — Synonyms of Anaphothrips (Thysanoptera) 128

Brown — Tetramorium lucayanum (Hymenoptera) 130

Halliburton and Alexander — Photoperiod in Chortophaga

(Orth.) 133

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Review — Synonymic list of Nearctic Rhopalocera 138

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXV MAY, 1964 No. 5

A Review of the Neotropical Nirvaninae
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

JAMES P. KRAMER, Ent. Res. Div., Agric. Res. Serv., U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C.

The leafhopper subfamily Nirvaninae (= Nirvanidae of Met-
calf 1963) is primarily an Old World assemblage with the
greatest diversity of genera and species in tropical Asia. Ac-
cording to Metcalf's recent catalogue (1963), only two species
are recorded from the Neotropics, Carchariacc />//<;/ 'its smithii
Baker and Neonirvana liyalina Oman. A third Neotropical
species, Colwmbonirvana aitrca Linnavuori, was described since
the completion of Metcalf's catalogue. A study of both the
described and undescribed Neotropical species reveals seven
valid genera (five new) and seven valid species (four new).
All specimens treated, unless stated otherwise, are in the col-
lection of the United States National Museum.

Diagnosis of tlic Neotropical Xirraninac. The following
combination of characters will separate the members of this
subfamily from all others : Form depressed ; crown marginally
carinate, at least apically, and strongly produced beyond eyes
with median length at least as long as, but usually much longer
than, distance between eyes (except Coluiuboniri'ana) ; ocelli on
crown in front of eyes near lateral margins or rarely in anterior
margin of crown.

KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA or NIRVANIXAE

1. Upper portion of clypeus with a distinct but short median

longitudinal carina ( Figs. 1 , 16, 24 ) 3

Upper portion of clypeus without such a carina 2

(113)

114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

2. Forewing with one closed preapical cell (Linnavuori 1959:
Fig. 13E) ; ocelli on crown near lateral margins and clearly

visible from above (Fig. 20) Neonirvana Oman

Forewing without closed preapical cells (Linnavuori 1959:
Fig. 13C) ; ocelli on anterior margin of crown and not visible

from above (Linnavuori 1959 : Fig. 13D )

Columbonirvana Linnavuori

3. Crown at least twice as long as distance between eyes (Figs.

2, 7, 12) ....5

Crown less than twice as long as distance between eyes (Figs.
18, 26) '. 4

4. Crown subpentagonal in outline and with a short distinctly
elevated carina at apex (Fig. 18) ; veins of fore wings uni-
formly distinct Pentoffia, new genus

Crown not pentagonal in outline and without a distinctly ele-
vated carina at apex (Fig. 26) ; veins of forewings only
apically distinct Jassosqualus, new genus

5. Lateral margins of crown parallel (Fig. 2) : clypellus sharply

constricted at middle (Fig. 1) Krocodona, new genus

Lateral margins of crown converging distally (Figs. 7, 12) ;
clypellus not constricted at middle (Figs. 6, 11) 6

6. Oblique ledge above antennal pit present (Fig. 13) ; third
apical cell of forewing triangular (Fig. 14)

Krocobella, new genus

Oblique ledge above antennal pit absent (Fig. 8) ; third api-
cal cell of forewing quadrangular (Fig. 9)

Krocozzota, new genus

KROCODONA, new genus
Type-species : Krocodona sanridion, new species.

Form elongate, narrow, and parallel-sided ; crown strongly
produced beyond eyes, median length three times longer than
narrowest width between eyes, in dorsal view lateral coronal
margins parallel with apex broadly rounded, in lateral view
carinate coronal margin strongly sinuate with face flat ; in facial
view clypellus strongly constricted mesally with short carina at
apex of clypeus ; pronotum laterally carinate ; forewing with
four apical and two preapical cells, third apical cell triangular.
(This description will be expanded or modified when males are
known.)

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115

Krocodona, new genus is most similar to Krocobella, new
genus. In both genera the crown is very strongly produced and
the third apical cell of the forewing is triangular. They are,
however, readily separated by other characters as indicated in
the key to genera.

Krocodona sauridion, new species. FIGURES 1-5.

Length: Female 6 mm.

Structure: Antennae long, about as long as combined lengths
of crown and pronotum (Fig. 3) ; surface of crown and scutel-
lum finely granular ; surface of pronotum weakly transversely
rugulose.

Coloration: Venter including legs pale brown; face pale
brown sparingly marked with dark brown to black near eyes,
at antennal bases, mesally, marginally, and apically (Fig. 1);
crown, pronotum, and scutellum pale brown marked with vari-
ous hues between black and red-brown, coronal markings most
distinct, with extreme apex black and discal markings as illus-
trated (Fig. 2) ; forewing pale brown hyaline, veins concolorous
except apically, inner apical veins orange, outer apical veins
dark brown, area of claval apex, costal margin, and area of
second apical cell irregularly smoky brown (Fig. 4).

Male Genitalia: Male unknown.

I't'inalc Genitalia: Pregenital sternum with posterior margin
mesally bilobed (Fig. 5).

Type: Holotype female (USNM Type No. 67141) La
Fragua, HONDURAS, 29 October 1940, \\ '. Komp.

KROCOZZOTA, new genus
Type-species : Krocozzota lanyuria, new species.

Form elongate and moderately stout ; crown strongly pro-
duced beyond eyes, median length two and a half times longer
than narrowest width between eyes ; in dorsal view lateral
coronal margins straight in front of eyes, then converging dis-
tally to acutely rounded apex ; in lateral view carinate coronal

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

margin straight, carina only distinct apically, becoming obsolete
toward eye, and with face not flattened ; in facial view clypellus
with sides parallel and a short carina at apex of clypeus ; pro-
notum laterally carinate; forewing with four apical and two
preapical cells, third apical cell quadrangular. (This description
will be expanded or modified when males are known.)

Krocozsota, new genus is closest to Krocobclla, new genus.
In both genera the crown is very strongly produced and in lat-
eral view the marginal coronal carina is straight or nearly so.
The two genera are, however, readily separated by other char-
acters as indicated in the key to genera.

Krocozzota languria, new species. FIGURES 6-10.

Length: Female 6 mm.

Structure: Antennal length unknown; surface of crown, lat-
eral surfaces of pronotum and scutellum finely granular or scaly ;
mesal surface of pronotum very weakly transversely rugulose ;
mesal surface of scutellum nearly smooth.

Coloration: Venter including legs and face stramineous, un-
marked except for extreme darkened upper portion of clypeus
(Fig. 6); dorsum of abdomen largely red; crown, pronotum,
and scutellum dark brown or black with a wide bright yellow
mesal stripe, stripe narrowing toward coronal apex (Fig. 7) ;
forewings subhyaline marked with hyaline yellow and dark
brown (Fig. 9).

Male Genitalia: Male unknown.

Female Genitalia: Pregenital sternum with posterior margin
broadly produced and rounded -(Fig. 10).

Type: Holotype female (USNM Type No. 67142) PANAMA,
Canal Zone, 25 June 1952, F. S. Blanton.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

FIGS. 1-5. Krocodona sauridion n.g. & n.sp. : 1, face; 2, crown, pro-
notum, and scutellum dorsally ; 3, head and pronotum laterally ; 4, apical
portion of forewing ; 5, pregenital sternum of female.

FIGS. 6-10. Krocozzota languria n.g. & n.sp.: 6, face; 7, crown, pro-
notum, and scutellum dorsally ; 8, head and pronotum laterally ; 9, fore-
wing ; 10, pregenital sternum of female.

1 sauridion

6 longuria

118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

KROCOBELLA, new genus

Type-species : Krocobella colotes, new species.

Form elongate and moderately stout ; crown strongly pro-
duced beyond eyes, median length slightly more than two and a
half times longer than narrowest width between eyes ; in dorsal
view lateral coronal margins straight in front of eyes, then
converging distally to obtusely angled apex ; in lateral view
carinate coronal margins straight, or nearly so, with a distinct
groove running from ocellus to coronal apex, a distinct oblique
ledge above antennal base, and with face concave ; in facial view
sides of clypellus slightly expanded mesally, a short carina at
apex of clypeus, and a single longitudinal submarginal groove
along lateral edges of clypeus ; pronotum laterally carinate ;
forewing with four apical and two preapical cells, third apical
cell triangular. Male genitalia : pygofer relatively simple and
without macrosetae ; plates long and fused basally, lightly setose ;
valve lacking; connective Y-shaped with stalk bifurcate to re-
ceive base of aedeagus ; style slender and hooked apically in
lateral view ; aedeagus simple.

Krocobella, new genus is apparently closest to the African
genus Hodocdoccus Jacobi. Evans (1947: 175) illustrated the
forewing (Fig. 17E), face (Fig. 17F), and crown, pronotum,
and scutellum (Fig. 17G) of the type-species, Hodoedoecus
acuminijrons Jacobi. The crown, pronotum, and scutellum are
nearly identical in the two genera; compare figure 12 and Evans
1947 : figure 17G. The faces are also quite alike; both have the
short carina at the apex of the clypeus. However, the shape
of the clypellus differs ; in Krocobclla the clypellus is expanded
mesally (Fig. 11), while in Hodocdoccus the clypellus tapers
downward (Evans 1947: fig. 17F). Hodocdoccus also appar-
ently lacks the submarginal grooves along the edges of the
clypeus found in Krocobclla. There are many differences in the
venation of the forewing; compare figure 14 and Evans 1957:
figure 17E. The most obvious venational differences are these:
clavus with two veins in Hodoedoecus and one in Krocobclla,
third apical cell quadrangular in Hodoedoecus and triangular in
Krocobella, a basal cross vein present in Hodoedoecus but
absent in Krocobella.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119

Krocobella colotes, new species. FIGURES 11-15.

Length: Male 5.75 mm.

Structure: Antennae long, about one and a half times longer
than combined lengths of crown and pronotum (Fig. 13) ; sur-
face of crown and scutellum finely granular or scaly ; surface of
pronotum weakly transversely rugulose.

Coloration: Venter including legs pale yellowish brown; ir-
regular touches of dark brown on abdomen and thorax ; face
pale yellowish brown, darkened at antennal bases and black at
apex of clypeus (Fig. 11) ; crown, pronotum, and scutellum pale
yellowish brown, coronal suture and marginal coronal carinae
red-brown (Fig. 12) ; forewing pale yellowish brown hyaline
with veins and cells variably darkened with various shades of
brown (Fig. 14).

Male Gcnitalia: Pygofer long with sharp points distally at
both dorsal and ventral margins ; plates with a few setae distally ;
aedeagus simple, narrowing and gradually recurving distally
(Fig. 15). Aedeagus in ventral view slender with gonopore
apical.

Female Gcnitalia: Female unknown.

Type: Holotype male (USNM Type No. 67143) Jussaral,
Angra, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL, October, 1934, Tra-
vassos and Lopes.

PENTOFFIA, new genus
Type-species : Pcntoffia nivata, new species.

Form elongate and broad ; crown strongly produced beyond
eyes, median length slightly longer than narrowest width be-
tween eyes ; in dorsal view crown subpentagonal in outline with
apical carina and irregular ridges on disc, ocelli highly obscure,
head narrower than pronotum ; in lateral view carinate coronal
margin approximately straight, a distinct perpendicular ledge in
front of antennal base ; in facial view clypellus narrowing down-
ward with a short carina at apex of clypeus, suture between
clypeus and clypellus obscure ; pronotum laterally carinate ; fore-
iving with four apical and three preapical cells, inner apical cell
extraordinarily large, nearly twice longer and broader than

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

second apical cell, basal cross veins present, all veins strongly
delineated. (This description will be expanded or modified
when males are known.)

Pentoffia, new genus is not close to any other genus of the
Nirvaninae, and its inclusion with this subfamily is provisional.
The veins of the forewings are strongly delineated and the ocelli
are highly obscure (distinctness of ocelli exaggerated in Fig.
18) ; both of these characters separate Pentoffia from all other
genera of the Nirvaninae.

Pentoffia nivata, new species. FIGURES 16-19.

Length: Female 11.5 mm.

Structure: Antennal length unknown (Fig. 17 shows broken
antenna) ; most of coronal surface finely but irregularly rugu-
lose, weak ridges delimiting poorly defined pentagonal area on
disc and line behind ocelli (Fig. 18), all margins of crown
strongly carinate ; surface of pronotum weakly transversely rugu-
lose ; surface of scutellum with basal angles finely granular and
mesal portion irregularly rugulose ; inner discal cells of fore-
wing with two or three cross veins.

Coloration: Head, thorax, and abdomen stramineous to yel-
lowish brown without definite markings ; forewings milky hya-
line and heavily pruinose.

Male Genital ia: Male unknown.

Female Genitalia: Pregenital sternum with posterior margin
weakly produced and slightly indented mesally (Fig. 19).

Type: Holotype female (USNM Type No. 67144) Cali Valle,
COLOMBIA, 27 April 1939, B. Losada. The type is damaged ;
it lacks all but one hind leg and the apical portion of both
forewings.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

FIGS. 11-15. Krocobella colotcs n.g. & n.sp. : 11, face; 12, crown,
pronotum, and scutellum dorsally; 13, head and pronotum laterally; 14,
forewing ; 15, male genital capsule laterally.

FIGS. 16-19. Pentoffia nivata n.g. & n.sp.: 16, face; 17, head and pro-
notum laterally ; 18, crown, pronotum, and scutellum dorsally ; 19, pre-
genital sternum of female.

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

JASSOSQUALUS, new genus
Type-species : Carchariacephalus smithii Baker.

Form elongate and slender ; crown strongly produced beyond
eyes, median length slightly longer than narrowest width be-
tween eyes ; in dorsal view crown pointed apically with lateral
margins broadly rounded, surface of crown not smooth, ocelli
large, head narrower than pronotum ; in lateral view carinate
coronal margin straight, curving over eye to posterior margin
of crown, antennal base in broad, deep, elongate depression in
front of eye ; in facial view clypellus narrowing downward with
sides broadly rounded, a short carina at apex of clypeus, lora
slender and elongate ; pronotum laterally carinate ; forewings
with venation highly obscure but with four apical and two pre-
apical cells, surface of forewing at least in part coriaceous.
Male genitalia : pygofer with macrosetae along dorsal margin
and brush-like modifications or scopae internally at apex ; plates
long and fused basally, with macrosetae apically ; valve poorly
developed or lacking ; connective subcruciform ; style with apex
elongate and broadened apically in lateral view ; aedeagus fur-
cate apically.

Jassosquahts, new genus can be separated from the Old
World genus Carchariacephalus Montrouzier by the following
characters : In Jassosqitalus the margins of the crown in dorsal
view are broadly rounded with the coronal surface roughened
(Fig. 26) and the lora are elongate (Fig. 24) ; in Carcharia-
cephalus the margins of the crown in dorsal view are straight
with the coronal surface smooth (Signoret 1879: pi. 1, Fig. 4)
and the lora are rounded (Signoret 1879: pi. 1, Fig. 4b).

Jassosqualus smithii (Baker), new combination. FIGURES
24-29.

Carchariacephalus smithii Baker, 1897, p. 153.

Length: Male 5 mm. Female 5.5 mm.

Structure: Antennae of moderate length, about as long as
crown (Fig, 25) ; surface of face finely granular or scaly with
vague parallel ridges laterally on clypeus (Fig. 24) ; crown

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123

longitudinally rugulose and irregularly punctate-rugulose basally
with coronal suture just barely elevated (Fig. 26) ; pronotum
weakly transversely rugulose ; scutellum irregularly punctate-
rugulose; fore wing with clavus (except apex) and adjacent
portion of corium, coriaceous and punctate, rest of forewing
somewhat thickened but not coriaceous.

Coloration: Venters of abdomen and thorax, legs, and an-
tennae stramineous; genital capsule and irregular areas on
abdominal venter darkened ; thoracic pleura, face, crown, pro-
notum, and scutellum black ; forewing dark brown to black with
an irregular yellow spot at claval apex and an irregular, elon-
gate, subtriangular, yellow to hyaline area along costal margin,
area occurs just anterior to the outer apical cell and about equal
in length to the claval suture, the yellow to hyaline costal area
broken by a narrow dark brown to black band at level of claval
apex.

Male Genii alia: Genital capsule in ventral view with plates
irregularly elongate; apex of pygofer with internal tooth and.
stout scopa on either side ; connective twice pronged on either
side for attachment to styles, and broadened near aedeagal base ;
styles slender and avicephaliform apically with "beaks" elongate ;
aedeagus somewhat rounded basally, shaft narrow, and apex
quadrifurcate, gonopore presumably opening at base of quadri-
furcation (Fig. 29). Genital capsule in lateral view with plates
longer than pygofer ; aedeagus somewhat S-shaped ; style mod-
erately broad with sharp expansions at apex, dorsal expansion
longer and more slender than ventral extension (Fig. 28).

Female Gcnitalia: Pregenital sternum with posterior margin
strongly produced laterally and medianly (Fig. 27).

Types: In Baker's original description of sniithii he stated,
"Described from two females collected at Rio fde] Janeiro
[Brazil] in September and October, one female collected at
Para [Brazil] in July [H. H. Smith]." The "female" col-
lected at Rio de Janeiro in September is in fact a male ; this
male is hereby designated as the lectotype. In addition to the
lectotype male, the female collected at I'ara in July and one
female Benevides [Brazil] were studied.

124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

NEONIRVANA Oman
Type-species : Neoniruana hyalina Oman.

Form elongate and moderately broad ; crown strongly pro-
duced beyond eyes, median length nearly a third longer than
narrowest width between eyes ; in dorsal view carinate coronal
margins straight in front of eyes, then converging to sharply
rounded apex, surface of crown neither carinate nor rugulose,
width of head and pronotum subequal ; in lateral view carinate
coronal margin straight or nearly so and terminating at eyes,
a carina above antennal base, face flat ; in facial view clypellus
tapering downward with sides straight, suture between clypeus
and clypellus highly obscure or absent, genae broad, no carina
at apex of clypeus ; pronotum laterally carinate ; forewing with
venation highly obscure, but with four apical and three pre-
apical cells, third apical cell triangular, outer preapical short and
nearly round, veins with a row of shallow pits along each side
except apically, these pits usually set with very fine setae. Male
genitalia : pygofer with macrosetae distally and irregular proc-
esses internally at apex; plates long and partially folded, beset
with hairs and macrosetae ; valve not strongly developed ; con-
nective Y-shaped ; style slender and hooked in lateral view ;
aedeagus simple and tubular.

Neonirvana hyalina Oman. FIGURES 20-23.
Neoniruana hyalina Oman, 1936, p. 117.

Length: Male 5-5.5 mm. Female 5.6-6.8 mm.

Structure: Antennae moderately long, about as long as com-
bined lengths of crown and pronotum; surface of face finely
granular; upper portions of clypeus with faint ridges laterally;

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

FIGS. 20-23. Neonirvana hyalina Oman : 20, crown, pronotum, and
scutellum dorsally; 21, male genital capsule ventrally; 22, male genital
capsule laterally ; 23, pregenital sternum of female. FIGS. 24-29. Jassos-
quahis smitlni (Baker), new genus: 24, face; 25, head and pronotum
laterally ; 26, crown, pronotum, and scutellum dorsally ; 27, pregenital
sternum of female ; 28, male genital capsule laterally ; 29, male genital
capsule ventrally.

24- smithii

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

crown, pronotum, and scutellum mainly smooth but with some
weakly defined granular areas ; pronotum at times with vague
transverse rugulae laterally; forewing hyaline but surface not
smooth, basal cross vein usually present, clavus with one proxi-
mally forked vein (Oman 1936: Fig. 1C).

Coloration: General ground color stramineous to pale lemon
yellow ; venter including legs and face stramineous ; crown, pro-
notum, and scutellum sordid stramineous to pale yellow ; in
well-marked specimens, a pair of narrow longitudinal mesal
orange stripes on crown extending posteriorly on to pronotum
and scutellum, the stripes often broadened on pronotum fade
to white on scutellum, often with additional orange markings
in front of eyes on coronal margins (figure 20 shows a heavily
marked specimen) ; fore wings heavily suffused with lemon yel-
low but usually irregularly pale along costal margin and at apex,
always with a distinct brown spot at base of third apical cell.

Male Genitalia: Genital capsule in ventral view : plates with
both setae and hairs at narrowed apical portion ; apex of pygofer
with internal tooth and hook on either side ; both connective
and aedeagus narrowed at point of juncture, aedeagus and con-
nective connected by a movable joint ; styles uniformly slender
and somewhat rounded apically ; aedeagus long, slender, and
tapering both basally and apically, gonopore terminal (Fig. 21).
Genital capsule in lateral view : plates widest apically, longer
than pygofer, hairs dorsally and apically, and setae in two areas
ventrally ; pygofer with a fold in distal third ; valve moderately
distinct ; aedeagus relatively straight and irregularly truncate at
apex; style slender and hooked apically (Fig. 22).

Female Genitalia: Pregenital sternum with posterior margin
medianly bilobed and with a partial longitudinal carina at middle
(Fig. 23).

Specimens Studied: Holotype male and type series from San
Pedro de Montes de Oca, COSTA RICA, 31 January 1936, E. H.
Ballou ; long series of both males and females collected in light
traps at various localities in Panama and the Canal Zone 1951-
1953 by F. S. Blanton ; two females Jussaral, Angra, Estado
do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 9 October 1934, Travassos and Lopes.

I.XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127

COLUMBONIRVANA Linnavuori
Type-species: Columbonirvana anrca Linnavuori.

I have not seen the type or any specimens representing this
monobasic genus. All of the following is extracted from the
original description. Columbonirvana can be separated from all
other Neotropical genera of the Nirvaninae by the placement
of the very small ocelli which lie in the anterior margin of the
crown and are not visible from above, and by the coronal length
which is less than the narrowest width between the eyes.

The type-species and only included species, Colnnibonirvana
awe a Linnavuori (1959: p. 35), is based upon a unique female
with data Sierra S. Lorenze, Colombia, March 1912, Ujhelyi ;
the type is in the collection of the Moravian National Museum
in Brno, Czechoslovakia. Linnavuori (1959: p. 35) illustrated
the crown and pronotum (Fig. 13D) and forewing (Fig. 13C).
The species is small, length 4.5 mm., and is colored as follows:
venter, legs, and face pale yellow ; upper portion of face with a
pair of transverse, narrow bright red stripes, lower stripe broken
at middle ; crown silver-white near anterior margin, bright yel-
low basally; pronotum bright yellow anteriorly, basal part pale
yellow ; scutellum mostly golden yellow ; forewing hyaline, clavus
and adjacent parts of corium broadly golden yellow, costal mar-
gin, patches in cells and two faint transverse spots in clavus and
corium, whitish hyaline, apical cells with fuscous areas, third
apical cell with a conspicuous triangular black-brown spot.
Pregenital sternum rather large with posterior margin sharply
triangularly produced.

REFERENCES

BAKER, C. F. 1897. A remarkable new acocephalid from South America.

Ent. News 8: 153-154.
EVANS, J. W. 1947. A natural classification of leaf-hoppers CJassoidea,

Homoptera). Part 3. Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. 98 (6) : 105-271.
LINNAVUORI, R. 1959. Revision of the Neotropical Deltocephalinae and

some related subfamilies (Homoptera). Ann. Zool. Soc. 'Vanamo,'

20 (1) : 1-370.

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

METCALF, Z. P. 1963. Nirvanidae. General catalogue of the Homop-

tera, fascicle VI, part 7. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Ent. Res. Div., Agr.

Res. Serv., Beltsville, Md. 35 pp.
OMAN, P. W. 1936. Two new leafhoppers from tropical America.

Pan-Pacific Ent. 12: 116-119.
SIGNORET, V. 1879. Essai sur les jassides Stal, Fieber et plus particu-

lierement sur les acocephalides Puton. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 5th

ser. 9: 47-92.

A Note on the Synonyms of Anaphothrips

zeae Moulton (Thysanoptera,

Thripidae) *

KE CHUNG KIM

This paper reports a new synonym of Anaphothrips seae
Moulton discovered during the compilation of the species index
of the genus Anaphothrips.

Crawford (1910) first described this species from Claremont,
California, as Anaphothrips longipennis Crawford. Moulton
(1911) also described this species as Anaphothrips zcae without
reference to Crawford's description. Karny (1912) then trans-
ferred this species to the genus Scirtothrips Shull, 1909. Sub-
sequently, Hood (1914) transferred Euthrips longipcnnis
Bagnall, 1909, to Scirtothrips, thus creating homonymy in the
genus Scirtothrips. Because of this homonymy Priesner (1932)
changed Crawford's name A. longipennis to Scirtothrips craw-
jordi. Finally, Baily (1944 and 1957) put Crawford's species
back in its original genus Anaphothrips Uzel, 1895.

When Moulton (1911) described Anaphothrips zeae (species
no. 57), he used another specific name Anaphothrips hcspcrns
in the key (page 17) instead of A. scae Moulton.

However, elsewhere in the same paper he used A. zcae: in
the catalogue on page 28, in the description on page 41, and
in the illustration on plate 5.

* Paper No. 5298, Scientific Journal Series, Agricultural Experiment
Station, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 129

Since Priesner (1932) rejected the oldest name A. longipen-
nis Crawford as a homonym of S. longipennis Bagnall in
Scirtothrips and changed it to A. crawjordi, the specific name
longipennis Crawford must be rejected and can not be used
according to Articles 52 and 57 of the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature (1961) adopted by the XV Congress
of Zoology.

I consider the specific name Anaphotlirips zcae Moulton as the
valid name of this species, since page precedence does not give
hcspcrus Moulton seniority (Article 24 of the Code, 1961).

The synonyms of Anaphothrips zcae Moulton are as follows :

Anaphothrips zcac Moulton, 1911, U.S.D.A., Bur. Ent., Tech.

Ser. No. 21, p. 41, figs. 31-34.
Anaphothrips hcspcrus Moulton, 1911, U.S.D.A., Bur. Ent.,

Tech. Ser. No. 21, p. 17. New Synonymy.
Anaphothrips longipennis Crawford, 1910, Pomona Coll. Jour.

Ent. 2: 150-152, figs. 62, A-D ; Baily, 1944, Pan-Pacific Ent.

20(3) : 86; Baily, 1957, Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 4(5) : 160.
Scirtothrips zcae (Moulton), Karny, 1912, Zool. Ann. 4: 334.
Scirtothrips crawjordi Priesner, 1932, Bull. Soc. Roy. Ent.

d'Egypt 17(3) : 152.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. F. Baily of
the University of California at Davis and Miss Kellie O'Neill of
the Entomology Research Division of the U.S.D.A. for their
kind suggestions and opinions on the synonyms of this species.

LITERATURE CITED

BAILY, S. F. 1944. Pan-Pac. Ent. 20 :81-90.

-. 1957. Bull. Calif. Ins. Surv. 4 : 143-320.
CRAWFORD, D. L. 1910. Pomona Coll. Jour. Ent. 2: 149-152.
HOOD, J. D. 1914. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 16 : 34-44.
KARNY, H. H. 1912. Zool. Ann. 4 : 322-344.
MOULTON, D. 1911. Synopsis, Catalogue and bibliography of North

American Thysanoptera, with descriptions of new species. U.S.D.A.,

Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 21, p. 1-56.

PRIESNER, H. 1932. Bull. Soc. Roy. Ent. d'Egypt 16 : 141-155.
STOLL, N. R. (Chairman) ct al. 1961. International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature, adopted by the XV Congress of Zoology, London, p.

1-176.

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

Solution to the Problem of Tetramorium lucaya-
num (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR., Department of Entomology,

Cornell University

Of the six species of Tetramorium that have been reported
as inhabiting the New World, the status and provenience of
five have been dealt with in my paper entitled, "Is the ant genus
Tetramorium native to North America?" (Brown, 1957, Brev.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard No. 72). T. guineense, T. simil-
limum, and T. pacificum, as has long been recognized, are tramp
species of Old World origin (the first two are almost certainly
African), and T. caespitum is believed to be a post-Columbian
immigrant from Europe. The fifth species, T. ntgivcntris, was
eliminated from consideration because it was found to belong,
not to Tetramorium, but to the Holarctic genus Myrmica. Sub-
sequent assignment of rngiventris to the weak satellite genus
Paramyrmica seems to me to have been ill-advised, but in any
case the ant is definitely not a Tetramorium.

The single American species of Tetramorium remaining was
T. lucayanum Wheeler, originally described from the Bahamas,
but since reported from the following countries :

CUBA : Cienfuegos, Guantanamo, Cristo (all W. M. Mann

leg.)

PUERTO Rico: Mayagiiez (M. R. Smith leg.)
JAMAICA: Kingston (E. A. Chapin leg.), Mill Gully, Green

Mts. (? leg.)
VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix (W. F. Buren leg.)

A variety was also described from specimens taken in Dublin
greenhouses (see below).

In my 1957 paper (p. 6), I stated my opinion that T. luca-
yanum, despite its wide distribution in the West Indies, must be
a post-Columbian immigrant to the New World, and that it
most likely came from Africa. Repeated attempts to match its
types with Old World Tetramorium species represented in

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131

American museum collections all led to failure ; though T.
lucayanum did seem to be more or less closely related to certain
African Tetramorium, it was apparently not conspecific with
any available samples from the Old World.

In 1963, when I had an opportunity to visit the classical Euro-
pean ant collections, I took along digms of T. lucayanum (from
Jamaica) in the hope that I would be able to make their match.
I am pleased to report that the search was successful. The type
of T. cameruncnsc var. vvaclbroeki turns out to be the African
representative of T. lucayanwn, and the following synonymy
is in order :

Tetramorium lucayanum

Tetramorium lucayanum Wheeler, 1905, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 21 : 100, fig. L, worker. Type locality Nassau, Ba-
hamas. Syntype in American Museum of Natural History.
New York.

Tetramorium cameruncnsc var. Waelbroeki Forel, 1909, Ann.
Soc. ent. Belg. 53 : 53, worker. Type locality "Kinchassa"
[Kinshasa], Congo. Holotype in Coll. Santschi, Natur-
historiscb.es Museum, Basel; examined 1963. New synonymy.

Tetramorium camerunensc var. Woelbroccki (!), Santschi,
1914, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 8: 367. fig. 29, worker; Lagos,
Nigeria.

Tetramorium, lucayanum var. sexdcns Forel, 1915, Bull. Soc.
vaud. Sci. nat. 50: 357, worker. Type locality Dublin, Ire-
land, in greenhouse. Holotype in Museum d'Histoire Na-
turelle, Geneva, examined 1963. New synonymy.

Tetramorium rectinodis (!) Menozzi, 1942, Zool. Anz. 140:
176, fig. 2B, worker. Type locality Fernando Po. Types
presumably in Istituto di Entomologia della Universita, Bo-
logna ; not seen. Eidmann, 1944, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 76 : 454,
fig. 13, worker (good figures). Provisional new synonymy.

So far as one can tell from the material currently available.
T. camerunense and T. lucayanum are separate species. T.
lucayanum has a longer, lower pctiolar node with slightly con-

132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

vex dorsum ; a sharp transverse carina separates the dorsum of
the node from its anterior face. (The carina is not shown in
Wheeler's figure, which is rather sketchy where details are
concerned.) The T. cameruncnse samples I have seen, includ-
ing the type, all have the petiolar node shorter and higher, and
more "blocky" as seen from the side. I took what I believe to
be T. camenmense sympatrically in the Banco Forest Reserve,
near Abidjan, Ivory Coast, with two slightly different kinds of
what I refer to T. lucayanum. One of these (A-109) is very
like the West Indian lucayanum, except that the postpetiolar
costulae are distinct and crowded, giving the appearance of
coarse striation ; this series came from a nest in a tall red-rotten
tree stump, about 2 m above the ground. The other form was
collected twice in the Banco Reserve (A-71, A-76), both times
as strays in the leaf litter; its petiolar node is slightly higher,
without distinct cross-costulation as in the West Indian and
A-109 examples, and its postpetiole has no distinct longitudinal
costulae and is predominantly smooth and shining discad. This
second form might even eventually prove to be a sibling species,
but the African Tetramorium vary so much that it seems more
likely at the moment that these variants from Banco are just
different forms of one species.

Wheeler gave 5 as the number of mandibular teeth in his
types, but the number is 6 or 7 if one counts all of the irregular
denticles on the basal half of the masticatory margins ; these
small teeth are difficult to see.

A specimen of T. lucayanum has also been seen from Mon-
rovia, Liberia (E. S. Ross leg.), showing that this species is
widespread in West and Central Africa. It may be that the
West Indian stock arrived in ballast or timber, or perhaps with
the slave trade, in a ship from Africa during the early days of
New World colonization. At any rate, it is now clear that
Africa was its original home.

This paper is a by-product of work done in West Africa and
in Europe during 1963 toward a reclassification of family Formi-
cidae, sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Grant
G-23680).

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133

Effect of Photoperiod on Molting of Chortophaga

viridifasciata (De Geer) (Orthoptera:

Acrididae)

WILLIAM H. HALLIBURTON * and GORDON ALEXANDER,

Department of Biology, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado

Most species of Acrididae in temperate regions overwinter in
the egg stage — in diapause — but a few species pass through the
winter in a late juvenile stage. These overwintering nymphs,
usually in the third or fourth instar, are dormant during cold
weather. They become active whenever there is a warm period
during the winter, but they rarely molt during the winter, even
during prolonged periods of mild weather. Is this period of
suspended molt comparable to what we usually call diapause?
If it is a form of diapause, is it facultative or obligatory — to use
terms adopted by several previous investigators (Andrewartha
1952, Lees 1955)— and what environmental factors are asso-
ciated with it?

The most abundant acridians overwintering as nymphs in
northern Colorado are Arphia conspcrsa Scudder, Eritettix sim-
plex tricarinatus (Thomas), and Xanthippus corallines leprosus
Saussure. Less frequent but present in the same region is
Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer). Juveniles of all these
species are active in midwinter during periods of mild tempera-
ture, but only one, Arphia cons per sa, occasionally molts into the
adult condition during prolonged periods of warm winter
weather. (On one occasion in late January, and a few times
in February, the second author has collected adults of this
species near Boulder, Colorado.) Molting in the other species
is delayed until April or May (March or April for most indi-
viduals of Arphia. conspcrsa). The nymphs appear to be in

1 Present address, Rt. 1, Clarksville, Term. The experiments on Chor-
tophaga viridifasciata here reported were conducted by the first author in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master's degree. This study
was under the direction of the second author, who has contributed the
general material and has prepared the whole for publication.

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

diapause as far as development is concerned, and this diapause
is not broken by increased temperature. The most likely vari-
able other than temperature that might release them from dia-
pause is the increasing photoperiod (Lees 1955, 1959).

Several observations by the second author suggest that in-
creasing photoperiod is indeed the probable factor that induces
molting in overwintering nymphs. On several occasions over-
wintering nymphs were brought into the laboratory at Boulder,
Colorado, after periods of cold weather. Mere exposure to the
higher temperature of the laboratory failed to induce molting;
in these observations, there was no modification of the natural
photoperiod. In specimens that survived long enough, molting
began at the end of winter, in March or April, after weeks of
exposure to room temperature. The only environmental vari-
able at the time of molting was, apparently, the increasing
length of day.

With the possibility in mind that the longer photoperiod is a
stimulus for molting in juvenile grasshoppers, the first author
undertook a series of experiments at his home near Clarksville,
Tennessee. These were based on the assumption that if a long
photoperiod releases nymphs from diapause one might expect
to find more molts in a group of nymphs exposed to a long day
than in a group exposed to a short day. Such a correlation
would suggest the stimulus under which a grasshopper might
have two broods during a long summer season and still over-
winter as a nymph.

The experiments were carried out on Chortophaga viridijas-
ciata (DeGeer), a widespread species that overwinters as a ju-
venile in much of its range—- including northern Tennessee,
where the experiments were conducted. In the area of study
Chortophaga is abundant in suitable habitats, particularly south-
facing, grass-covered slopes. It persists through the winter in
the juvenile condition, though two generations may occur during
the long summer. This variation in its life cycle suggests that it
might be particularly susceptible to the effect of change in photo-
period.

In the locality of study large numbers could be collected in a
short time. The nymphs were collected with care not to injure

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135

them ; they were not netted but were caught individually in glass
jars placed over them. The method of study involved placing
third and fourth instar nymphs in cages of uniform size. These
cages were eight inches square, nine inches high, with wood
tops and bottoms, wood frames, fine wire screen on three sides,
and a sliding glass door on the front. Canopies to exclude light
from these cages were constructed of plywood ; they were three
to four inches larger in each dimension than the cages to be
covered.

The experiments were conducted in a basement laboratory in
which the temperature was maintained constant at 72° F. The
relative humidity was not regulated but remained fairly constant
at about 55%. Light for each cage was provided by two 100-
watt white-light lamps, one about five inches from each side of
the cage. In each experiment, each cage was under separate
photoperiodic control. All lights were turned on every morning
at 6 o'clock. An opaque canopy was placed over each cage as
it came to the end of its assigned photoperiod. All lights were
turned off at the end of the longest photoperiod of each experi-
ment, at which time all canopies were removed.

At the beginning of each experiment twenty nymphs were
placed in each cage. These were provided with fresh food and
water daily. The food in early winter was Japanese clover,
bluegrass, or Johnson grass, the variety being dependent upon
what was available but the same food being used each day in
each cage. Later in the winter, cultivated winter rye was sup-
plied. Water was supplied in small vials with cotton wicks.
The cages were cleaned daily, and in this process the exuvia
were recovered and counted. Thus a daily record of molts was
maintained.

The first experiment was begun September 17, 1961. and was
carried on 82 days. Three cages were involved, each with 20
nymphs. One was exposed to a 6-hour photoperiod, one to a
10-hour photoperiod, and the third to a 14-hour photoperiod.
Twenty-four molts occurred in the cages subjected to a 6-hour
day, 30 under the 10-hour day, and 46 under the 14-hour day.
Thus, the number of molts was directly correlated with length
of photoperiod.

136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

The second experiment was carried on for ten days only,
from December 18, to December 27, 1961. Two cages were
used, one under a 6-hour photoperiod, the other under 14 hours
of light daily. Six molts occurred among the twenty specimens
in the 6-hour photoperiod, sixteen under the 14-hour photo-
period.

The third experiment was modified to provide extreme con-
trast. Two cages were used, one exposed to a 1-hour photo-
period, the other to a 12-hour photoperiod. (It should be
noted that although there is a big difference in day length, a
12-hour day is actually not a long photoperiod.) During the
30-day period of this experiment, which lasted from December
28, 1961, to January 26, 1962, twelve molts occurred among the
20 nymphs subjected to the 1-hour photoperiod while 25 oc-
curred under conditions of a 12-hour day.

All these experiments were carried on with temperature con-
trolled at 72° F. Only one experiment testing temperature was
conducted. Twenty nymphs under a 12-hour photoperiod at
60° F. molted approximately 20% less frequently than did those
in a similar cage maintained at 72° F. In other words, a 12-
clegree (F. ) difference in temperature had much less effect than
a difference of a few hours of daylight.

One final experiment was carried on outdoors, during the
summer of 1962 (June 14 to July 14). Two cages were used,
and they were exposed to natural fluctuations of temperature
and relative humidity. One cage was exposed to the natural
photoperiod (average 15 hours) ; the other was covered every
day after approximately six hours of daylight. Twenty-nine
molts occurred among the nymphs exposed to the 15-hour photo-
period ; only nineteen molts occurred under the 6-hour day
(even with a temperature range from 75° to 102° F.)

It seems reasonable to assume, on the basis of our observa-
tions and experiments, that increasing photoperiod rather than
increasing temperature is the major factor in releasing over-
wintering juvenile grasshoppers from diapause, a diapause that
we should probably call facultative. The observations here sum-
marized are, however, merely strong suggestions in that direc-

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137

tion. More extensive experiments, involving various species,
will be required before this statement may be made a valid
generalization for all overwintering juvenile grasshoppers.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDREWARTHA, H. G. 1952. Diapause in relation to the ecology of
insects. Biol. Rev. 27 : 50-107.

LEES, A. D. 1955. The physiology of diapause in arthropods. Cam-
bridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, England. 151 p.

. 1959. Photoperiodism in insects and mites, p. 585-600. In WITH-

KO\V, R. B. [eel.], Photoperiodism and related phenomena in plants
and animals. Publ. 55, A.A.A.S., Washington, D. C.

A Note on the Beetle Knausia crassicornis Fall
(Heteromera, Alleculidae)

In the process of acquiring study material of the family Alle-
culidae for a revisionary treatment, two males of Knausia crassi-
cornis Fall were received from Dr. Henry F. Howden of the
Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agri-
culture. These were taken by Henry F. and Anne T. Howden,
one at Deming, New Mexico, June 9, 1956, and the other at
Lordsburg, New Mexico, July 4, 1956. This beetle was de-
scribed as the sole species of a new genus by Fall (Joiirn.
Kansas Ent. Soc. 1931, 4: 15-16) from a single specimen col-
lected by Dr. Warren Knaus at Deming in June, 1905, and
now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This new find-
ing brings the total of known specimens to three. Eventually
one specimen will be returned to Dr. Howden and the other
will be retained by the author. — JAMES D. MARSHALL, Depart-
ment of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May,1964

Review

A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE NEARCTIC RHOPALOCERA. By
Cyril Franklin dos Passes. Memoir No. 1, The Lepidopterists'
Society. Available from Mr. Sidney Hessel, Entomology Sec-
tion, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut. No price stated, v + 145 pp. 19
February 1964.

This list has been in the hands of the printers for five years
or more. Mr. dos Passos submitted the completed manuscript
to the editor for the Lepidopterists' Society in 1958. At least
half a dozen times the material was ready to be run only to have
the editor make format changes that required extensive re-set-
ting of the type. During this time dos Passos added new names
as they appeared in publication but could not take advantage of
generic and family studies beyond those used for the initial
manuscript. The greatest contribution made by this new check-
list is to be found in the dates assigned to the names. For many
years dos Passos has been known for his meticulous studies of
the publication of early entomological works. The dates allow
a student, with access to the Zoological Record, to find refer-
ences to original descriptions. Thus the check-list is only one
step removed from being a catalogue of original descriptions.
Where the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature has delivered an Opinion upon a name, the Opinion
number and name number has been cited. The names used in
the list adhere strictly to the conventions of the Code.

While there are very few nomenclatorial decisions of the
author that are debatable — one being the authorship of L. zviede-
meyerii oberfoelli — there are numerous taxonomic decisions that
will be contested by students of particular genera and families.
This is a risk that any compiler of a check-list must face. The
list departs from all previous lists in the sequence of the families.
In this it also departs from the sequence used in the Zoological

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139

Record. The families are ordered "lower" to "higher," fol-
lowing Warren.1 This reverses the usual sequence.

Users of the check-list will welcome dos Passos's inclusion of
generic synonyms and statement of the type species for the ac-
cepted generic names.

Although the title implies that the list covers the Nearctic
fauna, it does not. It is restricted to that part of the fauna that
inhahits the United States, excepting Hawaii, and Canada. It
does not include species found solely in the peninsula of Lower
California or in those parts of Mexico usually included in
Xearctica.

When dos Passos's list is compared with McDunnough's,2
the last check-list published before this one, it will be seen that
there is an over-all decrease in the number of species recognized
from 692 to 682. This is some measure of the synthesis achieved
by the author. It is best indicated by summaries of the families.

Megathymidae — increased from 8 to 19 species, largely the
result of studies by H. A. Freeman and by Stallings and Turner,
who have demonstrated the importance of the immature stages
as indicators of specific differences.

Hesperidae — increased from 208 to 222 species. Actually
there are included as species only five names that are post-
McDunnough. The increase has been brought about by better
understanding of the family. Dos Passes leaned heavily upon
Brigadier Evans's :i monumental work upon the American Hes-
perioidea. This has introduced several changes that may puz-
zle collectors. They are based upon recognition of previously
neglected or mis-identified names proposed by the early authors.
Two examples will suffice: oilcns Linnaeus surplants syriclitus
Fabricius, and coras Cramer replaces familiar peckins Kirby.

1 Warren, B. C. S., 1947. Some principles of classification in Lepi-
doptera, with special reference to the butterflies. Entomologist 80 : 208-
217, 235-241, 262-268, 280-282.

- McDunnough, James, 1938. Check-list of the Lepidoptera of Canada
and the United States of America. Part 1, Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs
of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, 275 pp.

3 Evans, Brig. W. H., 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955. Catalogue of American
I lesperiidae. British Museum (N. H.), London.

140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1964

Papilionidae — reduced from 88 to 87 species. There are no
striking changes here, those that have been made represent
growth in our appreciation of the family.

Riodinidae — increased from 15 to 19, reflecting normal growth
in our knowledge of this obscure family. Edward's Euselasia
abreas, long omitted from lists, is returned.

Lycaenidae — increased from 124 to 133 species. The in-
creased interest in this family is responsible for the changes,
especially among the "Blues." That part of the family is re-
organized in the light of studies by Nabokov and by Stempfer
based upon world-wide surveys. Clench's splintering and re-
organization of the Hairstreaks is not included since most of the
work was done after the initial manuscript had been completed
and since the segregations proposed by Clench have not yet been
fully evaluated by other specialists in the subfamily.

Libytheidae — increased from 1 to 2 species, recognizing
Michener's work.

Nymphalidae — decreased from 181 to 147 species. The de-
crease is almost entirely due to the drastic change in point of
view about Spcycria in accord with the work of dos Passos,
L. P. Grey and their associates. Higgins's and Bauer's studies
of the Melitaeine genera have been used.

Danaidae — reduced from 7 to 5 by the long over-due elimina-
tion of the Ithomids improperly assigned to the fauna studied.

Satyridae — decreased from 59 to 48 species. This was accom-
plished almost entirely by dos Passos's studies of Ccrcyonis and
Qeneis, both unpublished.

Technically, the book is printed in very legible form on good
paper and is well organized, but unfortunately it is very poorly
bound. A new, and wholly unsatisfactory technique was used
at the Society's request to save expense. After a few hours of
use my copy has loose pages. The paper-bound edition cannot
easily be cased in cloth and made secure. This can be done by
having it spiral or plastic bound, a nuisance and an additional
expense to the user.

F. MARTIN BROWN,
Fountain Valley School,
Colorado Springs, Colo.

Memoirs of the
American Entomological Society

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THE GENUS BUCCULATRIX

AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
(MICROLEPIDOPTERA)

By Annette F. Braun
208 pages of text, 45 plates, table of contents and index

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JUNE 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 6

CONTENTS

Roback — A new Pelopia from Mexico (Dipt.) 141

Scullen — A new subspecies of Cerceris robertsoni (Hym.) .... 144

Price — A new Kurodaia (Malloph.) 145

Menke — Miscellaneous notes on Ammophila (Hym.) 149

Hubbard — A flea named for Michael Grzimek (Anoplura) ... 155

Blickle — Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Maine 159

Frost — Insect light traps 163

Nomenclature Notice 166

Dennis — Treehoppers at light traps (Homop.) 167

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXV JUNE, 1964 No. 6

A New Pelopia from Mexico ("Dipteral
Tendipedidae)

SELWYN S. ROBACK, Curator, Department of Limnology,

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania

The following new species was found in material loaned the
author by Dr. J. R. Vockeroth, Research Branch, Canadian
Department of Agriculture for a study of the Pelopiinae of
America north of Mexico.*

Pelopia catemaco n. sp.

This species differs from the most closely related species,
P. carinata (Subl.) and P. stellata (Coq.) in the more extensive
maculation of the wing and the presence of distinct dots in the
costal cells, Fig. 2, rather than a more general infuscation, Fig.
1 . The markings of the femora and tibiae are less distinct than
those generally found in P. stellata. The dististyle lacks the
large carina of P. carinata.

Pelopia catemaco n. sp.

Male — 2.4 mm ; head brown ; antennal pedicel dark brown ;
antennal ratio 2.0 ; maxillary palpus four segmented ; segments
in ratio 18:30:44:78; ratio of interocular space to dorsal eye
extension 1.0.

Pronotum brown ; dorsal lobes meet at apex of mesonotum
but diverge widely from this point ; some light hairs latero-
ventrally.

* The support of the National Science Foundation in this project is
gratefully acknowledged.

(141)

142

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[June, 1964

FIG. 1. Pclopia stellata (Coq.), Tennessee. Wing.

FIGS. 2-9. Pelopia catemaco n. sp. 2. Wing. 3. Spur of tibia I. 4.
Mesonotum and scutellum, dorsal. 5. Genitalia. 6. Leg I. 7. Leg II.
8. Leg III. 9. Detail of apex of dististyle.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143

Mesonotum dark brown, pollinose; humeri slightly lighter;
vittae not distinct; humeri with 8 hairs; supra-alars with 13
hairs ; dorso-centrals uniserial, continue to base of scutellum ;
some fine acrosticals present anterior to the low, light-brown
mesonotal tubercle; hair pattern of mesonotum as in Fig. 4;
pleurae brown ; sternum darker brown ; both pollinose ; scutellum
and postnotum dark brown.

Leg maculation as in Figs. 6-8 ; preapical light band of femora
very indistinct as are tibial markings; leg ratio I-.75, II-l.O,
III-.97; spur of tibia I, Fig. 3, .053 mm; spurs of tibia II .046
and .038 mm; spurs of tibia III .051 and .031 mm; a preapical
comb of about six spines on tibia III; claws spatulate apically;
empodium present ; no pulvilli.

Wing 2.1 mm; maculation as in Fig. 2; C«2 3.75 times length
of petiole of fCu, distance between crossveins on M .42 length
of petiole of fCu, halteres with shaft brownish, globe light.

Abdominal tergites brown, slightly lighter apically; basistyle
brown, .168 mm long, dististyle .097 mm, lighter, Fig. 5; mod-
erately curved with a suggestion of a carina near the apex, Fig. 9.

Holotype. — Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, MEXICO 10-VIII-60
(H. Howden) in Canadian National Collection.

REFERENCES

COQUILLET, D. W. 1902. New Diptera from North America. Proc.

U. S. N. M. 25 (No. 1280) : 83-126.
SUBLETTE, J. E. 1964. Chironomid midges of California. II. Tanypo-

dinae, Podonominae, and Diamesinae. Proc. U. S. N. M. 115 (No.

3481) : 85-136.

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

A New Subspecies of Cerceris robertsonii Fox from
the Southeast (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) 1

HERMAN A. SCULLEN, Oregon State University, Corvallis

This new subspecies from Florida and Georgia is being de-
scribed at this time so that a name will be available for Dr. Karl
V. Krombein who is publishing biological notes relating to the
above subspecies.

Cerceris robertsonii emmiltosus, new subspecies

Female: Length 11 mm. Black with yellow and ferruginous
markings ; structurally like the nominate subspecies except as
indicated below.

Head black except for the face, basal two-thirds of the man-
dibles and the scape, all of which are yellow ; clypeal lamella
with little or no emargination, never completely divided at the
meson.

Thorax black except the entire pronotum, scutellum, meta-
notum and the tegulae, all of which are ferruginous ; legs ferru-
ginous ; wings heavily clouded.

Abdomen black except the first three terga, trace on the pos-
terior margin of tergum 4, the first sternum, band on sternum 3
and the pygidium, all of which are ferruginous.

This subspecies is very similar to another new subspecies, to
be described in my forthcoming revision, and differs only in the
form of the clypeal lamella.

Male: Unknown.

Type: The type $ from Miami, FLORIDA, March 29-30, 1953
(K. V. Krombein) is at the U. S. National Museum, No. 66166.
Paratypes: FLORIDA: J, Avon Park, Okeechobee, April 4, 1953
(C. M. Yoshimoto) ; ?, Lake Placid, June 28, 1962 (K. V.
Krombein; note no. 62862A) ; 2$$, Marco, April 1, 1953,
March 28, 1954 (H. E. Evans). GEORGIA: $, "Georgia."

Distribution: Florida and one record, without locality, from
Georgia.

Prey Record: None. Plant Record: None.

1 Supported in part by grants from the General Research Fund, Oregon
State University, Corvallis and the National Science Foundation.

IXXVJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145

A New Species of Kurodaia (Mallophaga: Meno-

ponidae), with Additional Notes on

the Genus 1

ROGER D. PRICE, University of Minnesota

Since the revision of Kurodaia Uchida, 1926, by Price and
Beer (1963), a series has been obtained of an undescribed
species of this genus from an owl. The description of this new
species, together with pertinent information for several other
Kurodaia species, is included in this paper.

Kurodaia gnomae, n. sp.

Type host. Glaucidium gnoma gnoma Wagler.

Female. As in Fig. 1. Head without evidence of mid-dorsal
setae ; 2 very long marginal temporal setae ; inner occipital setae
long, outer setae minute. Gula tapered posteriorly, uniformly
pigmented, with 5-6 long setae on each side. Margin of pro-
notum with 2-3 short and 5 long setae on each side. Metanotum
marginally with 10 long and 1-2 short setae ; metasternal plate
with 9-10 medium setae. Tergocentral setae long to very long:
I, 7-11; II-VII, 11-14; VIII, 7-8. No anterior tergal setae
on any abdominal segments. Postspiracular setae very long on
I-VIII. Margin of tergite IX with short, very long, and long
seta on each side. Abdominal sternites with marginal row of
long setae (I, 6-8; II-IV, 11-16; V-VI, 20-26; VII, 13-15)
and anterior row of shorter setae (I, 2; II-VI, 7-10; VII, 3^4-).
Sternites III and IV each with single lateral comb row; that on
III with 9-17 setae, on IV with 7-11; margin of sternite V
laterally with 1-2 setae resembling those of combs. Sternites
VII-IX fused, with vulval margin having 22-26 evenly spaced
medium setae and anteriorly 11-12 on VIII-IX. Small post-
vulval plates each with 3 long setae. Anal fringe ventrally with
16-19 setae, longer and stouter laterally; dorsally with 25-28
fine setae. Dimensions (in mm) : preocular width, 0.42-0.43;

1 Paper No. 5285, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101.

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

temple width, 0.52-0.54; head length, 0.34-0.36; prothorax
width, 0.33-0.35; metathorax width, 0.45-0.46; total length,
1.54-1.56.

Male. As for female, except for differences in terminal seg-
ments (Fig. 3) and for slightly smaller size. Inner posterior
seta on tergite IX longer. Sternite VIII with only 7 marginal
and 2 anterior setae. Genital plate with approximately 30 setae
of varying lengths. Genitalia (Fig. 2) with delicate genital
sclerite and penis, rather poorly defined for the only specimen
available. Dimensions (in mm) : preocular width, 0.40; temple
width, 0.47; head length, 0.33; prothorax width, 0.31; meta-
thorax width, 0.40; total length, 1.31 ; genitalia length, 0.51.

Kurodaia gnomae agrees essentially with the generalized de-
scription of the owl Kurodaia as given by Price and Beer
(1963). Its dorsal chaetotaxy, aside from apparent absence of
mid-dorsal head setae and the presence of a longer stouter inner
posterior seta on tergite IX, is close to that of K. crypto-
stigmatia (Nitzsch). Ventrally the most striking difference
from all other Kurodaia known to date is the presence of a
single full comb row on both sternites III and IV, and one to
several setae on V similar to those of the comb rows. Accord-
ing to the generic concept of Kurodaia by both Price and Beer
(1963) and Clay (1947), individuals of this genus were be-
lieved to have 2 or more comb rows on sternite III and only a
suggestion of a few setae forming a limited comb row on IV.
Since all other features of K. gnomae agree with the definition
of Kurodaia, I see no reason at least for the present to consider
this species as being outside of this genus. The small postvulval
plates with their 3 long setae as well as the chaetotaxy of the
vulval margin and anus further distinguish females of K.
gnomae from other species. The male genitalia seem closest
to K. painei (McGregor), but differ in smaller size and in
shape of the genital sclerite. Both sexes also are the smallest
of the known owl Kurodaia.

Material examined : 3 females, 1 male from Glaucidium gnoma
gnoma, Victoria, Tamps., Mexico, 31 May 1960, Miles. Holo-
type female, allotype male at United States National Museum ;
female paratype both in the collection of Dr. K. C. Emerson and
at the University of Minnesota.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

147

FIGS. 1-3. Kurodaia gnomac, n. sp. 1. Dorsal-ventral view of female.
2. Male genitalia. 3. Dorsal-ventral view of terminal segments of
male.

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

Kurodaia cheelae Price and Beer, 1963

Since the description of this species from a single female, I
obtained a male from Spilornis cheela (Latham), Mutya, Canon,
Philippine Islands, Dec. 25, 1961, Rabor and Gonzales ; this
specimen presumably is of this species. Although head shape
is much like illustration of female K. cheelae, the remainder of
morphology, including genitalia, and chaetotaxy is quite close to
male of K. julvojasciata (Piaget). However, K. cheelae differs
in lacking anterior setae on abdominal tergites I, III, V-VIII,
and having only 1 on II and 2 on IV ; this paucity of anterior
tergal setae agrees well with the condition of the female of this
species.

Additional host records :

Kurodaia fulvofasciata (Piaget) — Accipiter trivirgatus (Tem-
minck) from Philippine Islands and Formosa.

Kurodaia platyclypeatum (Piaget) — Otus bakkamoena Pen-
nant from Formosa and Malaya ; O. scops (Linn.) and O. spilo-
cephalus hambroecki (Swinhoe) from Formosa.

LITERATURE CITED

CLAY, T. 1947. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 117: 457-477.
PRICE, R. D. and J. R. BEER. 1963. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56 : 379-385,
849-857.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149

Miscellaneous Notes on Ammophila (Hymen-
optera, Sphecidae)

ARNOLD S. MENKE, University of California, Davis

Most of the following data are the result of type studies by
the author. In addition, R. M. Bohart, University of Cali-
fornia, took valuable notes on some Ammophila types in Euro-
pean museums which have enabled me to designate lectotypes
for a few species. I would like to thank the following curators
for lending types in their care (abbreviations enclosed in
brackets are used when referring to these collections) : Hugo
Anderson, Zoological Institute, University, Lund (LuND) ; F.
Espanol, Institute Municipal de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de
Zoologia, Barcelona (BARCELONA) ; Dr. Gross, Landeshaupstat
Wiesbaden, Stadtisches Museum, Wiesbaden (WIESBADEN).
Other type depositories cited are : Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ) ; United States National
Museum (USNM) ; British Museum (Natural History)
(BMNH) ; Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa (GENOA) ;
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (PARIS).

Ammophila mutica Dahlbom

Ammophila mutica Dahlbom, 1845, Hymen. Europea, vol. 1,
fasc. 3, p. 431. Holotype (gynandromorph), "Brasilia"
(LUND).

Ammophila moneta Smith, 1856, Cat. Hymen. Insects Brit.
Mus. 4: 219. Lectotype $, Brazil (BMNH type #21.794b).
Present designation. New synonymy.

Ammophila fragilis Smith, 1856, Cat. Hymen. Insects Brit. Mus.
4: 219. Lectotype $, Brazil (BMNH type #21.796). Pres-
ent designation. New synonymy.

? Ammophila pilimarginata Cameron, 1912, Timehri, Jour.
Royal Agric. Comm. Soc. Brit. Guiana 2 : 429. Holotype <$,
Demarara, British Guyana (BMNH). Teste Richards, 1937.

I have examined the type of Dahlbom's long forgotten Am-
mophila mutica, and found that it is the common South Ameri-
can species usually referred to as fragilis Smith. Bohart's notes

150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

on the types of fragilis and moneta indicate they are synony-
mous with mutica. Richards (1937) synonymized pilitnarginata
Cameron with fragilis after comparison of the types of the two
species. I place Cameron's name here only tentatively however,
until I can personally study the type.

The type of mutica is a partial gynandromorph. The left half
of the head, prothorax and mesothorax, including associated
appendages, is male. The metathorax and abdomen appear to
be female. Dahlbom seems to have been aware of this condi-
tion since his label on the type says, "Ammoph. mutica nov. sp.
$, 5," In A. mutica the abdomen may be completely black or
display varying amounts of red on the second petiole and first
gastral segments. Dahlbom's type is the all black form.

Ammophila lampei Strand

Ammophila chilensis nigripes Reed, 1894, Anal. Univ. Chile
85: 622. Holotype $, Valparaiso, Chile (MCZ). Preoccu-
pied by Ammophila nigripes Smith, 1856.

Ammophila lampei Strand, 1910, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins
Nat. Wiesbaden 63: 13. Lectotype $, Guaqui, Peru (recte
Bolivia) (WIESBADEN). Present designation.

Sphex peruvianus Rohwer, 1913, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 44:
453. Holotype 5> Cuzco, Peru (USNM). New synonymy.

I have examined the types of nigripes, lampei and peruvianus.
The coarse close punctation of the meso- and metathorax and
the greatly swollen clypeus of the female are distinctive. The
clypeus of the male is covered with silver pubescence, but else-
where the only appressed silver pubescence on the body occurs
on the pronotal lobe and at either side of the petiole socket in
the two sexes. The head, thorax and legs are black. The tegu-
lae vary from reddish brown to black. In some specimens only
the second petiole segment is red, while in others the entire
petiole and first gastral segment may be red. Intermediate
color forms also exist.

Ammophila lampei appears to be a high altitude species. The
specimens I have examined were collected at elevations ranging
from 9,000 to 12,000 feet in southern Peru, Bolivia and north-
ern Chile.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 151

Ammophila rufipes Guerin-Meneville

Ammophila rufipes Guerin-Meneville, 1831, Vol. autour Monde

la Coquille, Atlas plate 9, fig. 1. Holotype $, Lima, Peru

(GENOA).
? Ammophila variolosa Giner Mari, 1944, Bol. Soc. Espanola

Hist. Nat. 42: 351. Lectotype <$, Lima, Peru (BARCELONA).

Present designation.

I have studied one of Giner Mari's syntypes of variolosa and
have selected it as lectotype. A. variolosa probably is the same
as rufipes but I have not seen Guerin-Meneville's type and
Bohart's notes on it are not sufficient for purposes of synonymy.
Homotypes of variolosa are in the author's collection.

Ammophila apicalis Guerin-Meneville and Ammophila

apicalis Brulle

The works in which these two species were described were
published in the 1830's. The title pages of the volumes con-
cerned have compound dates printed on them: 1829-1844 in
the case of Guerin-Meneville's work and 1836-1844 in Brulle's
paper. Because of confusion as to the dates of publication both
species have received new names. In 1856, F. Smith renamed
Brulle's apicalis as tenninata, apparently using the first year of
publication indicated in each work to determine priority. In
1897 Dalla Torre renamed Guerin-Meneville's apicalis as gueri-
nii. He used 1840 as the publication date for Brulle's species
and 1845 for apicalis Guerin-Meneville. It is now known that
Smith's action in renaming apicalis Brulle was correct, although
his dates were not. Stearn (1937) and Van der Vecht (1957)
have cleared up the dates of publication of the two works.
Accordingly, the proper citation and synonymy of both species
is given below.

Ammophila apicalis Guerin-Meneville

Ammophilus apicalis Guerin-Meneville, 1835. Iconographie
Regne Animal, Planches des Animaux-Invertebres, pi. 70,
fig. 3. (Text, 1844, p. 435). Holotype <£ Cuba (GENOA).

Ammophila gucrinii Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hymenopterorum,
8 : 400. New name for Ammophila apicalis Guerin-Meneville.

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

In using Amniophilus instead of Ammophila Guerin-Mene-
ville compounded Latreille's 1802 error of emending Kirby's
name Ammophila to Ammophylus. Guerin-Meneville refers to
Latreille's Ammophylus at the beginning of the description of
A. apicalis. The 1835 date of publication for apicalis Guerin-
Meneville has priority over 1844 because it satisfies the "indi-
cation" requirement of Article 16 (a) (viii) of the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1961.

Bohart studied the type of apicalis in Genoa. The specimen
is labeled female but it is a male. A. apicalis appears to be the
only species of Ammophila occurring in the West Indies, and it
is very similar to A. pictipennis Walsh, a common species in
the Eastern half of the United States. A. apicalis, however,
has appressed silver pubescence on the face and pronotum in
both sexes. The aedeagus and subgenital plate are nearly iden-
tical in the two species.

Ammophila terminata Smith

Ammophila apicalis Brulle, 1839, Hist. Nat. lies Canaries 10
(livr. 44) : 92 (livr. 50, pi. 3, fig. 22, 1840). Holotype (sex
unknown), Canary Islands (? PARIS).

Ammophila terminata Smith, 1856. Cat. Hymen. Insects Coll.
Brit. Mus. 4 : 210. New name for Ammophila apicalis Brulle.

This is an Old World species with a Mediterranean distribu-
tion.

Ammophila retusa Gistel

Ammophilus retusus Gistel, 1848, Naturges. Thierreichs Hohere
Schulen, p. 142, pi. 12, fig. 28 (figure labeled Ammophila
retusa} .

Ammophila retusus Gistel, 1850, Handb. Naturges. Reiche, p.
466 (exact reprint of 1848 description but lacks figure).

This name does not appear in Dalla Torre's Catalogus Hy-
menopterorum and seems to have been overlooked by all Euro-
pean workers on the genus. This oversight probably stems
from the fact that Gistel's works are rare.

Gistel's characterization of retusa is very brief and hardly
can be called a description. However his color figure of the

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153

wasp gives some indication of the appearance of the insect.
The second petiole segment and the first two gastral segments
are red, with the remainder of the wasp black. Gistel's brief
description is as follows: "Hieher Ammophilus mit Gattung
retusus (gebogene), der seine Tier an Wegrandern in Locher
legt ; ganz schwarz ; Mittelleib roth. In Deutschland. Wie
S. sabulosa." This description is placed after a discussion of
the appearance and habits of Ammophila sabulosa (Linn.).

The abdominal coloration would seem to eliminate the possi-
bility of synonymizing retusa with sabulosa or pubescens Curtis,
since these latter two species usually have the second gastral
tergite black or only red basally. However, A. campestris
Latreille commonly has the second gastral tergite completely
red and it would seem best to synonymize Gistel's name with
this species. Gistel's types, if still in existence, probably are
in the museum in Munich, Germany.

Ammophila grandis Gistel

Ammophila grandis Gistel, 1857, Achthundert und Zwanzig
neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Thiere, p. 45. Trieste,
Italy.

This is another Gistel name which has escaped notice since
its description. The original description is as follows : "A. nigra,
fronte argenteo-sericea ; abdominis segmentis duobus medianis
rubris; alis infumatis. Long. 2 poll. Tergestum." Strand
(1917) in his discussion of Gistel's paper listed A. grandis but
did not attempt to identify the species. In view of the inade-
quate description this name probably should be suppressed on
the basis of the 50 year rule (Article 23 (b), International Code
of Zoological Nomenclature, 1961).

Ammophila pubescens Curtis

Ammophila pubescens Curtis, 1829-30. Guide Arrang. Brit.

Insects, p. 122. Nomen nudum.

Ammophila pubescens Curtis, 1836. British Ento. 13: pi. 604.
Miscus arvensis Dahlbom, 1843. Hymenoptera, Europaea 1

(fasc. 1): 8. Holotype J\ "Pensylv." (LUND). New

synonymy.

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

Ammophila adriaansei Wilcke, 1945. Ent. Bericht. 11: 278.
Holotype (sex unknown), Holland (type depository un-
known).

I have studied Dahlbom's type of arvensis. It compares very
favorably with material identified as pubescens by J. de Beau-
mont and J. LeClercq. The genitalia are missing on the type.
Wilcke's description of adriaansei fits the type of arvensis
except that the fourth abdominal segment (second gastral) is
all black in arvensis. Undoubtedly the type of arvensis is of
European origin but was mislabeled.

Both Fernald (1931, 1934) and Murray (1938 and 1951)
considered arvensis a New World species. Considering that
Fernald studied the type himself it is incredible that he applied
Dahlbom's name to the United States species that has been
masquerading under this name. The type of arvensis does not
resemble the species called arvensis by Fernald. Since no other
name exists for Fernald's "arvensis" I have recently described
it as a new species, A. evansi Menke (1964).

Ammophila leclercqi Menke, new name

Ammophila yarrozvi Leclercq, 1961, Rev. Espanola. Ent. 37 (2) :
211. Holotype $, Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain (BMNH).
Preoccupied by Ammophila yarrowi Cresson, 1876 (= aberti
Haldeman, 1853).

Unfortunately Prof. LeClercq was unaware of Cresson's name
when he described yarrowi. I take pleasure in renaming this
species after Prof. LeClercq in recognition of his numerous
contributions to Sphecid taxonomy.

LITERATURE CITED

FERNALD, H. T. 1931. Notes on some American Sphecinae. Ann. Ent.

Soc. America 24: 439-450.
. 1934. The North American and West Indian Digger Wasps of

the genus Sphex. E. O. Painter, Deland, Fla. 167 pp.
LATREILLE, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle generale et particuliere des

Crustaces et des Insectes vol. 3, 467 pp.
MENKE, A. S. 1964. New species of North American Ammophila.

Acta Hymenopterologica 2(1): 5-26.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155

MURRAY, W. D. 1938. Some revisions in the genus Sphcx, with one

new species, a subspecies, and a new name. Ann. Ent. Soc. America

31 : 17-42.
— . 1951. Sphecinae in: Muesbeck, C. et al., Hymenoptera of America

north of Mexico. United States Dept. Agric., Monogr. 2: 971-980.
RICHARDS, O. W. 1937. Results of the Oxford University Expedition

to British Guiana, 1929. Hymenoptera, Sphecidae and Bembecidae.

Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London 86: 101-118.
STEARN, W. T. 1937. On the dates of publication of Webb and Berthe-

lot's Histoire Naturelle des lies Canaries. J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. His.

1 (2) : 49-63.
STRAND, E. 1917. Ubersicht der in Gistel's "Achthundert und zwanzig

neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Thiere" (1857) behandelten In-

sekten, Archiv. fur Naturges. (A) 82 (5) : 75-101.
VAN DER VECHT, J. 1957. In some Hymenoptera from the collection

of Guerin-Meneville in the Leiden Museum. Zool. Meded. 35: 21-31.

A Flea Named for Michael Grzimek

C. ANDRESEN HUBBARD, Tigard 23, Oregon, and Malaria
Institute, Amani, Tanga, Tanganyika

High up on the Rim of Ngorongoro Crater, where the road
from the south first threatens to fall into this vast pit and where
one gets his first breath-taking view of the floor of this gigantic
cauldron, which is eleven miles across, there sits a simple monu-
ment of native Tanganyika stone beneath which rests as per-
petual warden so that the "Serengeti Shall Not Die" the body
of young 25 year old Michael Grzimek. Young Michael and
his father, who is director of the Frankfurt, Germany, zoo, had,
for some years, been studying the migration routes of the tre-
mendous numbers of game animals in the Serengeti and the
Ngorongoro of northcentral Tanganyika, East Africa. On the
morning of January 10, 1959, an African scout knocked on the
door of the research hut of the senior Grzimek, entered and
handed the doctor a note from the local game warden. It read :
"I am sorry to tell you that Michael has crashed his aeroplane
and been killed. He is lying at my house." That afternoon
young Grzimek was laid to rest in a position to look forever

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

over the huge depression which is the Ngorongoro and the vast
grass plains to the north which are the Serengeti ; in a position
to be forever a warden of the keep of these fleet-footed animals
which make this their home.

It is not known why this light zebra-striped research plane
crashed, for Michael was an experienced pilot, but it is sup-
posed the plane collided with a large bird. Crippled, the plane
plummeted to the floor of the Crater, 4,000 feet below the Rim.

During July of 1962 about this monument and for miles
around the mouse population had become so large that one had
difficulty in not stepping upon mice. A medium sized chocolate
brown, tan-bellied mouse taken at the monument carried 7 fleas
which were determined as new and shall be called

Ctenophthalmus grzimeki n. sp.

in memory of, as stated on this lonesome Tanganyika monument
sentinal,

Michael Grzimek
12.4.1934-10.1.1959

He gave all he possessed for the wild
animals of Africa, including his life.

There are before the writer at this time the holotype male and
3 paratype males, the allotype female and 2 paratype females,
all taken off a single specimen of Lophuromys flavopunctatus
aquilns (True, 1892). Although several hundred other mice
of several species were examined from the vicinity none carried
this flea so L. j. aquilus is designated as type host. The west
Rim of Ngorongoro Crater is designated as type locality. The
elevation is from 7,500 to 8,000 feet. The collection date is
July 22, 1962.

Modified segments : Male. The fingers of Ctenophthalmus so
far described from Tanganyika are distinct (Fig. 1). In C.
leptodactylus it is boomerang shaped, in C. gilliesi it is apically
war club-shaped, in C. e. wilkesi rectangular shaped, in C. p.
hopkinsi tall dome shaped, in C. c. hemingwayi thumb shaped.
The new species differs from these in that the finger resembles
the finger of the American Orchopeas sexdentatus group but
without the black spiniforms. The writer has usually referred

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

157

New patterns in Cienophihalmus
Fingers

FIG. 1. Ctenophthalamus leptodactylus Huhbard, 1963; C. gillicsi Hub-
bard, 1963; C. evident wilkcsi Hubbard, 1963; C. particnlaris Iwpkinsi
Hubbard, 1963; C. cophurns hcmingwayi Hubbard, 1963; and C. grciincki
Hubbard, 1964.

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

to this shape as ham-shaped. At the apex and to the anterior
the ringer is armed with a few weak bristles. Female. The
apical outline of the VII sternite is similar to the C. cophurus
group but the upper and lower lobes are less prominent. Be-
tween the lobes at the midpoint in the valley is a small pointed
tip.

Length : A medium sized flea. Male 2.00 mm, female 2.25
mm.

Range : This flea is known only from the type locality.

Deposits : The holotype male and allotype female are deposited
in the Tring branch of the British Museum and the first para-
types in the U. S. National Museum. All bear the writer's
number T849.

It may be of interest to know that the Michael Grzimek Me-
morial Laboratory is located at the north end of the Serengeti
at Banagi some ten miles north of Seronera Lodge. The build-
ings at the laboratory are modern and museum-like and there
specialists may come and study the natural history of the area.
Information regarding the use of this self-contained work shop
may be secured through the Director, Tanganyika National
Parks, Arusha, Tanganyika, East Africa. Also, it seems to the
writer that the easiest route into Banagi is from the west
through Musoma on Lake Victoria. The road in from the south,
if one can call it a road, is without water or gasoline or help
and the 100 miles on beyond Ngorongoro Crater is one sand
trap after another in one of which the writer's research truck
was fast down to the body for half a day.

This is the first paper published by the writer on Tangan-
yika fleas and the eighteenth on world fleas under the United
States National Science Foundation grant GB 1954, sixteen
others having been published under N.S.F. grant G14023.

REFERENCES

GRZIMEK, B. and M. Serengeti shall not die. London, 1960.
HUBBARD, C. A. 1962. Ent. News 73 : 225-232.

-. 1963. Ent. News 74: 153-154.

-. 1963. East Afr. Med. Jour. 40 (8) : 407-417.

-. 1963. Ibidem 40 (9) : 452-461.
. 1963. Ibidem 40 (10) : 507-511.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159

Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Maine

R. L. BLICKLE, Durham, New Hampshire x

The following list of Hydroptilidae resulted from the examina-
tion of light trap material taken during July and part of August,
1959. The collecting was done in the Boreal region of Maine.

There are forty-eight species in nine genera in the list, includ-
ing two literature records. Of the forty-eight, five were recently
described as new. A total of 19,563 male specimens was deter-
mined ; however, the majority of these are included in three
species. The numbers of these species were Neotrichia hallia
Denning, 8,393; Hydroptila jackmanni Blickle, 3,813; and
Mayatrichia ayama Mosely, 3,040. The genus Hydroptila con-
tained the largest number of species, 20, and the genus O.vye-
thira was next with 13.

A comparison with the list from New Hampshire (Morse
and Blickle 1953, 1957) which covers the Transitional (Alle-
ghanian) zone gives some idea of the Hydroptilidae that may
occur in the southwestern part of Maine, an area not covered
in the present survey. There is a great similarity between the
two state lists as to genera and species, although as would be
expected the Maine material contains species which are more
northern in distribution such as Agraylea costello Ross and
Oxyethira araya Ross. Two genera not listed in the New
Hampshire surveys taken recently in that state are Palagapetus
and Dibusa; these were the only two genera not taken in the
present Maine survey. It should be emphasized that most of
the New Hampshire collections were made within ten miles of
the southwestern part of Maine.

The Mt. Desert Region Insect Faunal Survey lists only
three Hydroptilidae, two in the genus Oxyethira and one in the
genus Orthotrichia. All of these seem to be species of the Tran-
sitional region rather than the Boreal region. Two, Oxyethira
palllda Bks. and Orthotrichia americana (Bks.) have been
taken in Florida.

1 Published with the approval of the Director of the New Hampshire
Agricultural Experiment Station as Scientific Contribution No. 327.

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

In a few instances the locality is followed by a number system
as Oxbow (T9 R5). This refers to the Township 9 Range 5,
a system of numbering unincorporated towns in Maine.

The survey was made possible through the cooperation of
Dr. A. E. Brower.

Agraylea Curtis

costello Ross, 69 specimens. Allagash, July 19-Aug. 5 ;
East Machias, July 20; Oquossoc, July 31. multipunctata
Curtis (Ross, 1944).

Hydroptila Dalman

albicornis Hagen, 12 specimens. Baker Lake, July 5 ;
Oquossoc, July 17-25. ampoda Ross, 326 specimens. Alla-
gash, July 5-Aug. 1 ; Baker Lake, July 5 ; Dennistown, July
14-31; East Machias, July 20, Lower Cupsuptic, July 5; Jim
Pond, July 11-Aug. 3 ; Oquossoc, July 16-30; Oxbow (T9 R5),
Tim Pond, July 5-28. broweri Blickle, 100 specimens. Alla-
gash, July 22-29; Dennistown, July 14-25; Oxbow (T9 R5),
July 19-Aug. 4; Oquossoc, July 17-31; Tramway, Aug. 3.
consimilis Morton, 9 specimens. Allagash, July 27-30; Den-
nistown, July 25-31 ; Oquossoc, July 25-Aug. 4. dentata Ross,
3 specimens. Allagash, July 5-8. fiskei Blickle, 53 specimens.
Allagash, July 29-Aug. 2; Dennistown, July 15-28; Oquossoc,
July 17-Aug. 4 ; Oxbow (T9 R5), Aug. 4. hamata Morton, 20
specimens. Allagash, July 27-Aug. 1; Dennistown, July 14;
Guerette, July 11 ; Oquossoc, July 31 ; Round Pond (T13 R12),
July 13; Tramway, August 3. jackmanni Blickle, 3,813 speci-
mens. Allagash, July 5-29 ; Dennistown, July 14-31 ; Oquossoc,
July 19-Aug. 4. maculata Banks, 2 specimens. East Machias,
Aug. 5. metoeca Blickle & Morse, 3 specimens. Allagash, July
5-8; Dennistown, July 19. novicola Blickle & Morse, 157 speci-
mens. Allagash, July 29, Dennistown, July 22-25 ; Oquossoc,
July 17-Aug. 4; Oxbow (T9 R5), July 19-20. quinola Ross,
11 specimens. Allagash, July 5-Aug. 1; Dennistown, July 17-
25 ; East Machias, July 25-29. salmo Ross, 243 specimens.
Allagash, July 5-Aug. 2 ; Baker Lake, July 5 ; Oquossoc, July
19; Tramway, Aug. 3. spinata Blickle & Morse, 2 specimens.
Oquossoc, July 30-Aug. 4. strepha Ross, 859 specimens.
Allagash, July 5-7; Dennistown, July 17-31; Oquossoc, July
28-31 ; Oxbow (TR R5), July 19-20; Round Pond (T13 R12),
July 13. tortosa Ross, 7 specimens. Allagash, July 5-10.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161

valhalla Denning, 71 specimens. Allagash, July 10-Aug. 2;
East Machias, July 19-25: Oquossoc, July 30; Oxbow (T9
R5), July 27. wyomia Denning, 27 specimens. Allagash,
July 5-Aug. 2; Dennistown, July 17-27; Oquossoc, July 27-
Aug. 4. xera Ross, 434 specimens. Allagash, July 24 ; Dennis-
town, July 14—31 ; Oquossoc, July 17-30. xoncla Ross, 5 speci-
mens. Allagash, July 5-30; Oquossoc, July 23-28.

Ithytrichia Eaton

clavata Morton, 627 specimens. Allagash, July 26-Aug. 8;
Dennistown, July 14; East Machias, July 28-Aug. 7; Oxbow
(T9 R5), Aug. 4; Round Pond (T13 R12), July 13; St.
Francis, Aug. 4 ; Tim Pond, Aug. 5.

Mayatrichia Mosley

ayama Mosely, 3,040 specimens. Allagash, July 22-Aug. 8;
Dennistown, July 14; Jim Pond, Aug. 3; Oquossoc, July 28;
Oxbow (T9 R5), Aug. 4; Round Pond (T13 R12), July 13;
St. Francis, Aug. 4.

Neotrichia Morton

collata Ross, 326 specimens. Allagash, July 5-Aug. 8 ;
Oxbow (T9 R5), July 20-Aug. 4; Tim Pond, July 23. hallia
Denning, 8,393 specimens. Allagash, July 5-Aug. 8; Dennis-
town, July 14-17; Lower Cupsuptic, July 5 ; Tim Pond, July 27.
okapa Ross, 229 specimens. Allagash, July 22-Aug. 5 ; East
Machias, Aug. 1 ; Oquossoc, July 30-Aug. 4. Oxbow (T9 R5),
July 20-Aug. 4. vibrans Ross, 1 specimen. Allagash, July 29.
spp., 8 specimens. Allagash, July 30.

Ochrotrichia Mosley

denningi Blickle & Morse, 34 specimens. Allagash, July 10-
Aug. 1 ; Dennistown, July 14-31 ; Oquossoc, July 17-30.
wojcickyi Blickle, 10 specimens. Dennistown, July 24-31,
Oquossoc, July 28.

Orthotrichia Eaton

americana Banks, Mt. Desert Island (Procter), Salisbury
Cove (Kingsolver and Ross), baldufi Kingsolver & Ross, 1
specimen. Oxbow (T9 R5), July 20. cristata Morton, 2
specimens. Dennistown, July 22.

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

Oxyethira Eaton

allagashensis Blickle, 44 specimens. Allagash, July 22-Aug.
2 ; Oquossoc, July 28 ; Oxbow (T9 R5) , August 4. araya Ross,
15 specimens. Allagash, July 26-Aug. 1 ; Tramway, Aug. 3.
coercens Morton, 3 specimens. Allagash, July 10-29; East
Machias, Aug. 1. forcipita Mosely, 6 specimens. Chesuncook,
Aug. 7-9; Oquossoc, July 31; Tramway, August 3. grisea
Betten, 1 specimen. Oquossoc, July 20. michiganensis
Mosely, 155 specimens. Allagash, July 22-Aug. 1 ; Chesun-
cook, Aug. 5-9; Dennistown, July 19-27; Oquossoc, July 23-
Aug. 4 ; Oxbow (T9 R5), July 20; Tramway, Aug. 3. obtatus
Denning, 6 specimens. East Machias, July 28; Oxbow (T9
R5), Aug. 4. pallida (Banks), Mt. Desert Island (Procter).
rivicola Blickle & Morse, 3 specimens. Allagash, July 22,
Dennistown, Aug. 27. rossi Blickle & Morse, 44 specimens.
Allagash, July 23-Aug. 2. serrata Ross, 1 1 specimens. Lower
Cupsuptic, July 5 ; Tramway, Aug. 3. sida Blickle & Morse,
4 specimens. East Machias, July 20. zeronia Ross, 2 speci-
mens. Oquossoc, July 25; Jim Pond, July 11. sp., 290 speci-
mens. Allagash, July 30 ; Dennistown, July 14-27 ; Jim Pond,
July 11-30; Lower Cupsuptic, July 5; Oquossoc, July 13-Aug.
4; Oxbow (T9 R5), July 19-Aug. 4; Tim Pond, July 23-
Aug. 5. This species is related to O. aeola Ross and O. aba-
catica Denning.

Stactobiella Martynov

delira (Ross), 5 specimens. Allagash, July 5-8; Dennis-
town, July 19-22. palmata (Ross), 72 specimens. Allagash,
July 5-30; Dennistown, July 19-24; East Machias, July 20;
Guerette, July 13; Oquossoc, July 17-28.

LITERATURE CITED

BLICKLE, R. L. 1963. Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. 58: 17-22.

KINGSOLVER, J. M., and H. H. Ross. 1961. Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 54:
28-33.

MORSE, W. J., and R. L. BLICKLE. 1953. Ent. News 64: 68-73, 97-102.
-. 1957. Ent. News 68: 127-131.

PROCTER, W. 1946. Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, part
VII. The insect fauna, p. 216. The Wistar Institute Press, Phila-
delphia.

Ross, H. H. 1944. Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23(1) : 1-325.

1XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163

Killing Agents and Containers for Use with
Insect Light Traps.1

S. W. FROST, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pa.

For more than fifteen years the writer's chief interest has
been constructing and operating light traps for insect survey
studies. He has captured and added to the Pennsylvania State
University collection more than 2,500 species of insects. Over
the years, many styles of traps and many different kinds of kill-
ing agents have been used. Fifteen papers have been published
by the writer on this subject. Only two, of general interest,
are cited, 2 and 3. The present paper may answer the questions
often asked, what kind of trap and what killing agent is best for
certain species or groups of insects. It briefly summarizes pre-
vious studies, emphasizing details often overlooked by those
operating traps, and adds notes on a new type of killing con-
tainer.

Pint mason jars with sodium or potassium cyanide prepared
in the usual manner, with a layer of plaster of paris, were most
satisfactory. In moist climates sodium cyanide was better be-
cause it did not deliquesce as rapidly as potassium cyanide.
Calcium cyanide placed in a small container and covered with
a piece of loosely woven muslin, gave the quickest kill and
yielded the best specimens, but was somewhat inconvenient
because it had to be replenished each night. The normal mois-
ture was sufficient to releast cyanide gas.

Pint jars were preferable because they could be cleaned
readily. In operation, strips of absorbent paper were placed in
the jars to prevent the larger and more active insects from
injuring the smaller and more delicate ones. Killing jars should
be changed every hour or at least every two hours. If this is
not practical, other methods may be used. One solution is a

1 Authorized for publication on July 1, 1963, as paper No. 2800 in the
journal series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.

164

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[June, 1964

*-w«^^^^^MMiMaKm^^MK^-.,l^VKiV^Ba^MB.n^MV^H^MMMMM^Hta^HBViXv»H^BH

FIG. 1. Separator-type container on light trap.

trap for interval collections.2 Another method is to place sev-
eral traps close together with killing jars on each.3 The lamp
of one trap at a time can be illuminated at predetermined periods
by means of a time clock and a series of relays. Some method
of obtaining samples at relatively short periods is essential to
yield specimens in good condition. After removing the insects
from the killing jars, they should be thoroughly cleaned and
absorbent paper placed in them to remove excessive moisture.
Jars thus handled will last at least three months.

Alcohol and kerosene were excellent killing agents for certain
insects, especially Phyllophaga. Beetles caught in kerosene
were in good condition many hours after they had been removed
from the liquid. Alcohol was more desirable for trapping Tri-

2 Frost, S. W. Light traps for insect collection, survey and control.
The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 550 : 1-32, 1952.
Bibliography.

3 Frost, S. W. Winter insect light trapping at the Archbold Biological
Station, Florida. Florida Entomologist 45(4) : 1-32, 1962, 46(1) : 23-43,
1963.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

165

FIG. 2. Details of separator-type container, container with calcium
cyanide, cylinder, three screens.

choptera, Psocoptera, Ephemeroptera, and similar insects gen-
erally preserved in alcohol.

A special separator-type container was useful when collec-
tions were unusually large and traps could not be attended at
frequent periods during the night. This container was made of
a "plexiglas" cylinder -]- inch in thickness, 14 inches high and
6 inches in diameter. A bottom of ^-inch plastic material was
fastened by means of four screws. Three screens of ^, $, and
^-inch meshes were fastened to three plastic rings by means of
water-proof cement. These rings, 5 inches inside diameter and
5^ inches outside diameter, must be tooled accurately to fit the

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1964

cylinder snugly. The rings were supported on three |-inch
threaded posts and held in place by means of brass nuts. The
rings bearing the screens were thus adjustable. This container
was fastened to the trap by means of three wires engaging the
upper edge of the funnel. One of these consisted of a spring
so that the container could be easily attached. In operation the
larger-mesh screen was placed above and the smaller one below.
Calcium cyanide, placed in a 3 inch tin box and covered with
muslin, was used as the killing agent. Some prefer ethyl ace-
tate. This type of container yielded excellent specimens and
simplified the sorting process.

Nomenclature Notice

Designation of a type-species for Hypercompe Hiibner,
[1819] (Lepidoptera). Z.N.(S.) 1611. Validation of the spe-
cific name Griselda radicans Heinrich, 1923 (Lepidoptera).
Z.N.(S.) 1612. Designation of a type-species for Baetis
[Leach, 1815] (Ephemeroptera). Z.N.(S.) 1620. Designation
of a type-species for Megalopta Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera).
Z.N.(S.) 1624. Validation of the family-group name PLAYT-
PLEURINAE Schmidt, 1918 (Hemiptera). Z.N.(S.) 1626.
Suppression of six specific names of mites (Acarina), Z.N.(S.)
1564.

Send comments, with the Commission's file number, in dupli-
cate to Intern. Comm. Zool. Nomenclature, c/o British Museum
(N.H.), Cromwell Road, London S.W.7, England. (See Bull.
Zool. Nomencl., Vol. 21, Pts. 1 and 2.)

Lxxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167

Further Notes about Treehoppers at Light Traps
(Homoptera, Membracidae)

CLIFFORD J. DENNIS, East Central State College,
Ada, Oklahoma

Among a group of treehoppers submitted to me for determina-
tion by Dorothy H. Custer and Philip W. Smith of the Wis-
consin Department of Agriculture were the following new black
light trap records. These insects were collected at Madison,
Wisconsin, in a 15 watt black light trap.

Archasia beljragei Stal. 3 JJ, 1 ?, collected VI-25-63.
Cyrtolobus fenestratus (Fitch). !<$, collected VI-9-63.

C. griscus Van Duzee. 66 J'J1, collected VI-9-63.
C. inennis (Emmons). 2 J\^, collected VI-9-63.
Ophidcrma dcfinita Woodruff. 14 <$<$, collected VI-9-63.

A. beljragei, C. griseus and O. dcfinita have not been reported
previously from any light traps. I have collected C. inermis in
a white light trap (1964), and both Frost (1955, 1957) and I
(1964) have found C. fenestratus in a white light trap.

LITERATURE CITED

DENNIS, C. J. 1964. Amer. Midi. Nat. 71 : 452^59.
FROST, S. W. 1955. Ent. News 66 : 63-64.
- . 1957. Ent. News 68 : 77-78.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JULY 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 7

CONTENTS

Ross — New winter stoneflies of the genus Allocapnia (Plecop.) 169

Sabrosky — Additions and corrections to world Chloropidae

(Dipt.) ........................................... 177

Roback — New record of Coclotanypus cletic (Dipt.) .........

Lammers — Biological notes on leaf beetle Acalymma gonldi

(Col.) ............................................ 187

Medlar — Auplopus spinola in trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hym.) 1S()

Coppel and Jones — Hemyda aurata (Dipt.) parasite on Podisus

(Hem.) ......... . ................................. 191

Review — Experimental Biology: Measurement and Analysis . . 195

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ENTOMOLOGICAL HEWS

VOL. LXXV JULY, 1964 No. 7

New Species of Winter Stoneflies of the Genus
Allocapnia (Plecoptera, Capniidae)

HERBERT H. Ross, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana

Due in no small part to collections made by about seventy
biologists in response to recent requests, a number of unexpected
circumstances have appeared concerning the winter stonefly
genus Allocapnia. Especially in the southern part of the range
of the genus (comprising the temperate deciduous forest of
eastern North America), several new species appear to give
some of our first tangible evidence pointing to the probable geo-
graphic origin of several species complexes.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

Unless otherwise noted, all the species described herein pos-
sess the following characteristics : length from tip of head to end
of abdomen about 5 mm in the male and 6 mm in the female ;
color dark brown, the wings slightly smoky with brown veins ;
general structure as described for other species in the genus. In
the females the wings extend beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Known diagnostic characters occur only in the genital struc-
tures associated with the seventh and eighth segments and
posteriorly.

Allocapnia brooksi new species

Male. — Wings reaching only to fourth tergite. Seventh ter-
gite without dorsal process, Fig. 1. Dorsal process of eighth
tergite with lateral aspect having a sharp anterior shoulder

(169)

WTKWIAI

mromn JOL 1 0

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u' 1964

and sharply pointed tip, its posterior aspect evenly arcuate.
Supra-anal process short and stocky.

Holotype $ and 1 J1 paratype. — Two miles west of Sevierville,
Sevier Co., TENNESSEE, Feb. 1, 1963, Stannard & Brooks.

The process of the eighth tergite indicates that this species is
very close to vivipara (Claassen), from which it differs in the
well developed wings and in the sharp anterior shoulder of the
process of the eighth tergite. Thus brooksi is an early offshoot
of the vivipara stem, arising before the loss of wings occurred
in the male.

Allocapnia malverna new species

Male. — Wings reaching fifth tergite. Seventh tergite without
dorsal process, Fig. 2. Dorsal process of eighth tergite fairly
high and abrupt, lateral aspect higher anteriorly, posterior as-
pect broad and truncate. Upper supra-anal process moderately
wide and deep, with the apical portion slightly swollen and the
tip somewhat pointed, the apical segment about one and one-half
times length of basal segment.

Holotype $ and 4 <$ paratypes. — 10-Mile Creek south of Mal-
vern, Hot Springs Co., ARKANSAS, Feb. 1, 1961, Ross & Ross.

This species combines characters of the recta and mystica
complexes. From recta (Claassen) and its allies this species
differs in the deeper and markedly articulated upper supra-anal
process; from mystica (Prison) and its allies it differs in lack-
ing a deep incision in the posterior aspect of the eighth tergite.
From this comparison it is clear that malverna is probably the
most primitive known species in the recta complex.

Allocapnia wrayi new species

Male. — Wings reaching fifth tergite. Seventh tergite with
no dorsal hump, Fig. 3. Process of eighth tergite steep and
high, the rugose lobes situated near posterior margin and sepa-
rated by a narrow but deep cleft. Upper supra-anal process
fairly narrow and deep, the apical lobe slightly clavate and
slightly to markedly longer than basal lobe.

I.XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171

Holotype J\ allotypc 5, and 2 <$ paratypcs. — Richmond, YIR-
GINIA, Feb. 21, 1962, D. W. Adams. Paratypcs.— Many £, $
from the type locality and from the following localities in NORTH
CAROLINA: Berea, Burlington, Durham, Pinnacle, Summerfield,
and west of Salem.

This species is a close relative of uiystica Prison, from which
it differs in the long apical segment of the supra-anal process.
Whereas mystica occurs west of the Appalachian system, urayi
appears confined to the east of it. Both species appear to be
confined to the southern half of the range of the genus.

Allocapnia zekia new species

Male. — Wings reaching fifth segment. Seventh tergite with
posterior two-thirds elevated into a round, prominent hump, the
portion of the segment anterior to the hump forming a continu-
ous sclerotized band, Fig. 4. Process of eighth tergite high and
massive, the rugose lobes set well forward on the process and
separated by a fairly deep cleft. Upper supra-anal process only
moderately wide, the apical segment slightly bulbous and mark-
edly longer than basal segment.

Holotvpc <$. — Zekiah Swamp, La Plata, Charles Co., MARY-
LAND, Feb. 28, 1962, J. Allison, T. Hopkins, R. J. Rubelmann.

This species is closely related to wrayi and uiystica, differing
in the longer apical segment of the upper supra-anal process and
the peculiar dorsal hump of the seventh tergite,

Allocapnia jeanae new species

Male. — Wings just barely reaching fourth segment. Seventh
tergite without dorsal process, Fig. 5. Process of eighth tergite
high, steep, and massive, its lateral aspect almost as wide as the
tergite is long, the rugose lobes placed far forward, separated by
a deep but narrow cleft, the posterior corners of the process
forming almost right-angled lobes. Basal segment of the upper
supra-anal process greatly elongated, about three times as long
as the apical segment.

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty* 1964

Female. — Seventh and eighth sternites joined by a fairly
broad mesal strap ; apex of eighth sternite with a triangular
smooth area.

Holotype <$, allotype <j> and 7 J1, 1 $ paratypes. — West Fork
of White River, Winslow, Washington Co., ARKANSAS, Feb.
14, 1961, Ross & Ross. Paratypes. — $, $ from the following
localities in ARKANSAS: Carroll Co. (Dryfork Creek), Madison
Co. (Cannon Creek, Combs, Henderson Creek, Huntsville),
Washington Co. (West Fork).

This species, a highly specialized offshoot of the mystic a com-
plex, differs from all described species by the large and massive
process of the eighth tergite and the extremely long upper
supra-anal process.

Allocapnia ozarkana new species

Male. — Wings extending only over third tergite. Seventh
tergite with a raised process almost as high as that on eighth,
situated on the posterior half of the segment, the apical projec-
tion narrow in lateral view, fairly narrow and cleft in posterior
view, Fig. 6. Process of eighth tergite moderately high, the
rugose processes situated near the posterior margin, their poste-
rior aspect wide and separated by a wide, deep notch. Upper
supra-anal process with apical segment short and somewhat
sagittate, basal segment very long.

Holotype <$ and 3 5 paratypes. — Cannon Creek, Madison Co.,
ARKANSAS, Jan. 26, 1962, L. O. Warren.

In structure of the eighth tergite and supra-anal process this
species is almost exactly like forbesi Prison, differing from
forbesi primarily in the small cleft process of the seventh ter-
gite, which in forbesi is massive and conical. Although the
females of ozarkana have not been associated definitely with the
male, several specimens from Washington County, Arkansas,
resemble those of forbesi very closely and would therefore appear
to belong to ozarkana.

Other relatives of forbesi (known from southern Illinois to
southern Ohio) occur in the northeastern states. This discovery
of ozarkana demonstrates that some progenitors of the existing

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

173

supra-anal process

ZEKIA

FIGS. 1-4. Apex of abdomen of Allocapnia, lateral aspect. A, B, posterior
view of dorsal process of seventh and eighth segments, respectively.

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1964

members of the group effected a dispersal between the Ozark
mountain system and the Appalachian region.

Allocapnia furnosa new species

Male. — Wings entirely covering fourth tergite, in slightly con-
tracted specimens reaching the fifth. Seventh tergite without a
process, Fig. 7. Process of eighth tergite high, the entire dorsal
part of the segment forming a steep and massive prominence;
rugose areas V-shaped from dorsal view, flanked on each side
by a round lobe which is part of the segment and does not form
a finger-like projection. Upper supra-anal process narrow, the
apical segment longer than the basal one.

Holotype <§. — Great Smoky Mountain National Park, 2 miles
west of Gatlinburg, Sevier Co., TENNESSEE, Feb. 1, 1963, Stan-
nard & Brooks. Paralyse. — NORTH CAROLINA : Canton, Poison
Cove Branch, Henson Cove, Jan. 20, 1964. C. D. Pless, 1 J1.

The V-shaped rugose areas of the eighth tergite indicate that
this species is a member of the granulata complex but rugosa
differs from any of these species in lacking a finger-like lobe on
each side of the rugose areas. This suggests very strongly that
rugosa may represent the progenitor of the granulata complex,
and may be an archaic offshoot of the complex that arose before
these finger-like lobes evolved.

Allocapnia stannardi new species

Male. — Wings reaching fifth tergite. Seventh tergite with a
high process, its lateral view narrow and sharp, its posterior
view wide, parallel sided, and cleft at apex, Fig. 8. Process of
eighth tergite moderately high and divided into a pair of widely
separated, somewhat conical lateral lobes. Upper supra-anal
process long, its apical segment short and moderately swollen.

Female. — Seventh and eighth sternites fused, at present indis-
tinguishable with certainty from those of rickeri Frison.

Holotype <$, allotype $, and 32 <$, 5 paratypes. — Great Smoky
Mountain National Park, one mile east of Walker Prong
Branch, Sevier Co., TENNESSEE, Feb. 1, 1963, Stannard &
Brooks. Paratypes. — Many $, 5 all collected by Stannard &

Ixxv ]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

175

STANNARDI

FIGS. 5-8. Apex of abdomen of Allocapnia, lateral aspect. A, B, posterior
view of dorsal process of seventh and eighth segments, respectively.

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1964

Brooks, Jan. 31 or Feb. 1, 1963. — NORTH CAROLINA: Jackson
Co. (Cherokee and Dillsboro) ; TENNESSEE: Same data as
holotype but Walker Prong Bridge, bridge at Sugarland
Branch, and mouth of Cole Branch.

The process of the eighth tergite and the supra-anal process
are exactly like those of rickcri, to which this species is closely
related. The diagnostic feature of stannardi is the peculiar
process of the seventh tergite.

Another peculiarity of this species is that it is the only one
of the genus known to inhabit and be restricted to the cascade-
like and practically boreal streams of the Great Smoky Moun-
tains.

BlOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS

The identification of relatively primitive forms such as brooksi,
fiiiuosa, and wrayi, together with relatively specialized forms
such as zekia and stannardi, in the southeastern quadrant of the
range of Allocapnia indicates that a considerable amount of the
evolution in this genus has occurred in association with the
southern portion of the Appalachian system. An almost identi-
cal type of species combination, involving the relatively primi-
tive species malverna and ozarkana and the highly specialized
species jeanae found only in the Ozark-Ouachita mountains of
western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, is excellent evidence
that a comparable evolutionary development of Allocapnia oc-
curred in this area also. It is evident further, considering
previously described species in the genus, that progenitor stocks
of these and other species have in the past dispersed between
the Ozark and Appalachian systems, that these more extensive
ranges were subsequently broken, and the isolated portions
evolved into distinctive species. There is therefore emerging a
picture of successive dispersals and isolations of these temperate
deciduous forest animals, and the consequent evolution of at
least two polyphyletic clusters of species, one in the southern
Appalachians and one in the Ozarks. It seems probable that
climatic fluctuations of some sort associated with the Pleistocene
were responsible in large measure for the changes in geographic
ranges responsible for this evolutionary pattern.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to express my gratitude to the many biologists who
have cooperated in our survey of the winter stonefly genus
Allocapnia in eastern North America. Particular individuals
who have been responsible for much of the material reported in
this paper are those listed as collectors of the type material.
I also want to express appreciation to Mrs. Alice Prickett who
made the illustrations.

This project has been supported by a research grant from the
National Science Foundation.

Additions and Corrections to the World List of
Type-Species of Chloropidae (Diptera)

CURTIS W. SABROSKY *

In 1941 I published "An annotated list of genotypes of the
Chloropidae of the world (Diptera)" (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
34: 735-765, with minor corrections in 1942, loc. cit. 35: 478).
A few corrections are necessary, a few old genera have been
found to belong to the Chloropidae, and a few additional genera
have been published since that time. The arrangement of the
present supplement is alphabetical under each subfamily, as in
the original list ; but the format of individual entries has been
simplified. Names that are additions to the list are in capital
letters. References are given in full only where they are not
in the original list.

SUBFAMILY CHLOROPINAE

ARAGARA Walker, 1860, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 4:
154. 1 species. Type-species, A. crassipes Walker (mono-
typy). This was originally described in Walker's subfamily

* Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jubr> 1964

Ortalides. Ochtherisoma Becker, 1911, is a synonym (New
synonymy) ; but the type-species of the two show slight dif-
ferences. Aragara imitator (Becker) is a new combination.
These odd chloropids, with raptorial front legs resembling those
of the ephydrid genus Ochthcra, are rarely recorded. I have
seen only the holotypes of the two type-species and the four
specimens of Ochtherisoma imitator recorded from Luzon and
Samar in the Philippines, by Frey, 1923, Notulae Ent. 3 : 72.

CENTEMA Collin, 1911, Ent. Monthly Mag., ser. 2, 22: 146.
Invalid emendation for Cctcma Hendel, but not formally pro-
posed ("surely he [i.e., Hendel] meant to have written Ccn-
tema"}.

Chlorops Meigen, 1803 : I am indebted to J. R. Vockeroth
for calling my attention to the long-overlooked fact that Illiger,
1807, in the second edition of Rossi's Fauna Etrusca, vol. 2, p.
483, was actually the first to associate a nominal species with
the generic name Chlorops, antedating the work of Meigen,
1830. This species, Musca umbellijerarum Scopoli, 1763, is
then, technically, the type-species of Chlorops by subsequent
monotypy. Credited to Schrank, 1803, it has been carried in
synonymy for many years, first under Chlorops nasuta (Schrank,
1781) and later, with nasuta, under C. puniilionis (Bjerkander,
1778).

In Opinion 348 (1955), the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature designated C. puniilionis as the type-
species, under the Plenary Powers ; but neither the Commission
nor the applicant was then aware of the Illiger action. Perhaps
further action by the Commission is required ; but if so, punii-
lionis would undoubtedly be confirmed as type-species. It may
be noted that if the above specific synonymy were to be recog-
nized, the older umbdlijcrarum would replace puniilionis; but
the description of the former is so generalized that in my opinion
any synonymy is pure guesswork. It would seem preferable to
regard umbelliferarum as a species dubium in the genus
Chlorops.

Ecteccphala Macquart : 1851, not "1850 (1851?)."

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179

EURIPARIA Nartshuk, 1963. Ent. Oboz. 42: 671. Error
for Enryparia.

Haplegis Loevv : In my list, I accepted the action of Coquillett.
1910 : "Type, CJilorops diadeina Meigen, the first species, by
present designation." However, diadcma was not an originally
included nominal species ; the first original species was H. rufi-
frons Loew. Undoubtedly Coquillett was following the long
accepted synonymy, rufijrons = diadeina, and perhaps his desig-
nation should be construed to be acceptable from his mention
of "the first species." If it is unacceptable, no valid statement
of the type-species of Haplegis appears to exist. Duda (1933,
Earn. 61, in Lindner's Fliegen Palaeark. Region. Lfg. 70, p.
128), in addition to mentioning Coquillett's designation, claimed
that Becker (1912) designated Chlorops flavitarsis Meigen. I
do not find this designation for Haplegis in the relevant sentence
(Becker, 1912, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 10: 126), and even if
it were there, it would be invalid, as flavitarsis was also not an
originally included nominal species. To fix the matter, and in
agreement with the clear intent of Coquillett, I hereby designate
as type-species of Haplegis the first of the original species, H.
rufijrons Loew, now a synonym of H. diadcma (Meigen).

LAGAROSIA Meijere, 1918, Tijclschr. v. Ent. 60: 338.
Lapsus for Lagaroccras in the citation "Lo.votaenia (Laga-
rosia) gracilis." Lagarosia was correctly cited on p. 329 as
a van der Wulp genus in the Trypetinae.

Lo.votaenia Becker, 1911, is preoccupied. See Neoloxotacnia.

Mcpachymerus Speiser : Transferred to Chloropinae from the
Oscinellinae, with Steleocerus as synonym. The respective
type-species are also synonyms : S. lepidopus Becker = M. bacil-
lus Speiser. The generic and specific synonymies were pub-
lished by Sabrosky, 1951, Chloropidae, in Ruwenzori Expedi-
tion, 1934-5, vol. 2, p. 723.

MINDA Paramonov, 1956, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
12, 9: 779. 1 species. Type-species, M. r libra Paramonov
(original designation and monotypy). Equals Feinpliigonotiis
Lamb, 1917 (synonymy published by Me Alpine, 1958, Rec.

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u- 1964

Austral. Mus. 24: 185). The new family Mindidae is thus
a synonym of Chloropidae.

NEOLOXOTAENIA Sabrosky, new name, for Lo.rotacnia
Becker, 1911, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 9: 83, not Herrich-
Schaeffer, 1854. Type-species, Lagaroccras gracile Meijere
(automatic). Neave's Nomenclator Zoologicus cites Lo.ro-
taenia, an emendation for Losotaenia Stephens, 1829, as dating
from Heinemann, [1863]. However, the emendation was first
used by Herrich-Schaeffer, 1854, Systematische Bearbeitung
der Schmetterlinge von Europa, Heft 65, p. 42. In earlier
parts of this work he used the spelling Losotaenia; but in the
systematic cataloguing and indexing of genera and species, in
the Systema Lepidopterorum Europae, he switched to Lo.ro-
taenia and used it consistently in numerous places.

Ochtherisoma Becker = Aragara Walker, q.v. (New syn-
onymy).

OPSICERAS Seguy, 1946, Encycl. Ent., Ser. B, II, Diptera.
10: 12. 1 species. Type-species, O. bistriatus Seguy (original
designation and monotypy), which equals Elachiptercicus abes-
synicus Becker. The genus equals Elachiptereicus Becker,
1909. The generic and specific synonymies were published by
Saborsky, 1951, Chloropidae, in Ruwenzori Expedition, 1934-5,
vol. 2, pp. 720, 721.

Oscinis Latreille : Zetterstedt, whose Diptera section of the
Insecta Lapponica dates from 1838 (not 1840 as cited by me),
designated Musca nasuta Schrank as type-species, but showed
Musca lineata Fabricius (an originally included species in Os-
cinis} in the synonymy of nasuta. This fixes lineata as type-
species (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article
69a, iv).

Parectecephala Becker : The type-species should be cited as
Oscinis longicornis Fallen, not as Chlorops (or Oscinis) longi-
cornls Zetterstedt as usually cited. Zetterstedt adopted the name
from Oscinis lineata var. longicornis Fallen, 1820, Oscinides
Sveciae, p. 4.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 181

PLANURIA Meigen, 1826, Syst. Beschr., vol. 5, p. 400.
Unavailable name, cited as a manuscript name in synonymy in
the combination Planuria tar sat a under Meigen's new genus and
new species, Homalura tarsata Meigen.

Platycephala Fallen : The designation by Curtis is the valid
one. Both Curtis (1839) and Westwood (1840) designated
P. planifrons (Fabricius), which was not itself an originally
included nominal species; but Curtis showed P. culmoniin
Fallen, the first of the two original species, in the synonymy
of planifrons. Curtis is construed thereby to have fixed cnl-
niorum as type (International Code of Zoological Nomencla-
ture, Article 69a, iv).

PLATYCEPHALISCA Nartshuk, 1959, Ent. Oboz. 38:
472. 1 species. Type-species, P. nigra Nartshuk (original
designation and monotypy).

PSEUDOTHAUMATOMYIA Nartshuk, 1963, Ent. Oboz.
42: 672. 1 species. Type-species, P. niacroccra Nartshuk
(original designation and monotypy).

STELEOCERELLUS Frey, 1961, Notulae Ent. 41 : 35, as
subgenus of Mepachymerus. 12 species. Type-species, Stcleo-
cerus tenellus Becker (original designation).

Steleocerus Becker, 1910 = Mepach\mcnis Speiser, 1910
(q.v.).

URANUCHA Czerny, 1903, Wien. Ent. Ztg. 22: 127. 1
species. Type-species, Geomysa spuria Thomson (original des-
ignation and monotypy). Equals Thrcssa Walker, 1860. The
synonymy was published by Sabrosky, 1956, Rev. Franc. d'Ent.
23 : 217. The genus was proposed on the unfounded assumption
that the species was an asteiid.

SUBFAMILY OSCINELLINAE
Acanthopeltastes: p. 194, not 104.

Botanobia Lioy : Monotypy (not "two species" with type
designation by Coquillett), because one of the two originally
included species was a nomen nudum.

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u* 1964

CAMPTOSCINELLA Sabrosky, 1951, Chloropidae, in Ru-
wenzori Expedition, 1934-5, vol. 2, pp. 747 (key), 806. 1
species. Type-species, C. annulitibia Sabrosky (original des-
ignation and monotypy).

Caviceps Malloch: 2 species, and the type is therefore by
original designation only. I overlooked the inclusion, in the
discussion, of Oscinella dejecta Becker.

CHAETASPIS Nishijima, 1954, Insecta Matsumurana 18:
84. 1 species. Type-species, C. katoi Nishijima (original des-
ignation and monotypy). Preoccupied by Chaetaspis Bollman,
1887. See replacement name Togeciphus Nishijima.

Chaetochlorops Malloch : The type-species is by original des-
ignation and monotypy.

CHAETOSCELIS Nartshuk, 1963, Ent. Oboz. 42: 675.
1 species. Type-species, C. rossica Nartshuk (original designa-
tion and monotypy).

CORSICA. Listed as a genus of Chloropidae, subfamily
Heringiinae, in Brues, Melander and Carpenter, 1954, Classifica-
tion of Insects, p. 379, but there is no such genus of insects.
"Corsica" is the type locality for Heringium, which is an ephy-
drid, synonym of Clanoneurum Becker.

Crassiseta von Roser : I was in error, nomenclaturally, in
saying that this genus is "essentially monobasic." There were
five nominal species originally included, regarded since the time
of Loew (1845) as synonyms under the first named, Oscinis
cornuta Fallen (as Meigen). The type-species was designated,
as noted in the Annotated List, by Corti, 1909.

Dasyopa Malloch : Vol. 13, not 12.

ECHINI A Paramonov, 1961, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
13, 4: 97-100. 1 species. Type-species, E. biseginenta Para-
monov (original designation and monotypy). Equals Ana-
trichus Loew, 1860 (synonymy published by Sabrosky, 1962,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 13, 4 (1961) : 559). The new
family Echiniidae is thus a synonym of Chloropidae.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183

Epicelyphus Becker, 1911 = Nomba Walker, 1859 (q.v.).

Eribolus Becker : The type-species, sudeticus Becker, has
been found to be a synonym of E. nana (Zetterstedt) [Oscinis].

FIEBRIGELLA Duda, 1921, Tijdschr. v. Ent. 64: 123, 125,
143. 1 species. Type-species, F. verrucosa Duda, by original
designation (as "n.gen.n.sp.," p. 143) and monotypy. I have
not seen the type, but Willi Hennig has informed me that it is
"probably a chloropid."

HYPERATES Collart. 1934, Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 26:
suppl. vol. 11 : 11. Apparently a lapsus or printer's error for
Hippelates.

KWAREA Sabrosky, 1954, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 49 : 44.
1 species. Type-species, K. pallidiliirta Sabrosky (original des-
ignation and monotypy).

Melanochaeta Bezzi : Vol. VI, not V. This was proposed as
a new name to replace Pachychacta [sic] Bezzi, 1895, not Loew,
1845. Actually Bezzi's genus was Pachychoeta, but it is in turn
preoccupied by Pachychoeta Bigot, 1857, and the new name is
still appropriate.

Mepachymcrus Speiser: Transferred to Chloropinae, q.v.

MERODONTA Malloch, 1940, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,
65: 261 (key), 263. 1 species. Type-species, M. crassifonnr
Malloch (original designation and monotypy).

MIMOSEPSIS Sabrosky, 1951, Chloropidae. in Ruwenzori
Expedition, 1934-5, vol. 2, pp. 744 (key), 748. 1 species.
Type-species, M. nwllochi Sabrosky (original designation and
monotypy).

MIRMEMORPHA Dufour, 1833, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 30:
220. Error for Myrmemorpha Dufour, 1833, loc. cit. : 218.

Mynnecomorpha (emendation of Myrmemorpha Dufour) ac-
tually dates from Blanchard, 1840, Hist. nat. des Insectes
(= vol. 3 of Castelnau's Hist. nat. des Animaux Articules),
p. 629, prior to the use by Agassiz, 1846, as given in the Anno-
tated List and in Neave's Nomenclator Zoologicus.

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July> 1964

Neoelachiptera Seguy : The type species is Icrouxi, not lerouri.

NOMBA Walker, 1859, Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc. London,
Zool., 4: 169. 1 species. Type-species, N. tecta Walker
(monotypy). Epicdyphus Becker is a synonym. The long-lost
type of Walker's species was recently discovered in the Hope
Department of Entomology at Oxford (K. G. V. Smith and
E. Taylor, in press).

OSCINELLOIDES Malloch, 1940, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.
Wales 65: 262 (key), 267. 1 species. Type-species, Oscinella
bispinosa Becker (original designation and monotypy). Equals
Lasiopleitra Becker, 1910 (New synonymy).

Pachychocta Bezzi, 1895, not Pachychaeta as cited in the
Annotated List and as cited by Bezzi himself (1906) in pro-
posing the replacement name, Melanochaeta. The spelling
Pachychoeta is also preoccupied, by Bigot, 1857, Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, ser. 3, 5 : 545, in the Asilidae. The type-species of
Pachychoeta Bezzi is by original designation as well as by
monotypy; the former was overlooked in Bezzi's introductory
discussion.

PARASTIA Pandelle, 1898, Rev. d'Ent. (Caen) 17: special
p. 18. No species are cited, but from the description it appeared
to me to be based on Dicraeus raptus (Haliday). This was
kindly verified by Professor Seguy, from the Pandelle collection
in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Ac-
cordingly that species is here designated as type-species of
Parastia, which disposes of the latter as synonym of Dicraeus
Loew (New synonymy). The name Parastia has generally
been overlooked ; it is not included in the nomenclators of Neave
and Schulze, nor does it appear in the Katalog der Palaark-
tischen Dipteren.

POLIODASPIS Duda, 1933, Earn. 61, Chloropidae, in
Lindner's Fleigen Palaeark. Region, Lfg. 72, p. 245 (Index).
Error for Polyodaspis Duda. The latter version is used twice
on p. 224, where the genus was formally proposed, and on p.
246 in its regular place in the Index, and is undoubtedly the
intended spelling.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185

PROTOSCINIS Cockerell, 1917, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.
52: 380. 1 species. Type-species, P. perparvus Cockerell
(original designation and monotypy). Fossil.

Siphuncid'ma Rondani : Collin (1946, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc.
London 97: 123) has stated that the type-species is Siphonclhi
aenea Macquart, brevinervis Rondani not being described but
"having been claimed to be the same as Siphonclla acnca."
However, contrary to Collin's interpretation, Siphunculma does
not fall under Opinion 46 ("Status of genera for which no spe-
cies was distinctly named in the original publication") but
under Opinion 43 ("On the status of genera the type species
of which are cited without additional description") and also
under Article 16a (vi) of the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature. The case is exactly that of Alloderma and
Aphobetoideus, considered in Opinion 43, which "were pub-
lished in tabular keys, which also contained the designation of
the genotype; no additional specific characters were given."
Accordingly the type-species is brevinervis Rondani (original
designation and monotypy), as stated in the Annotated List.
The specific identity of brevinervis is uncertain, however, as the
brief description could apply to various species of Siphunculina.

TERRAEREGINA Malloch, 1940, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.
Wales 65 : 261, 268, 270. Error (or emendation?) for Terracre-
ginia Malloch, 1928.

TOGECIPHUS Nishijima, 1955, Insecta Matsumurana 19:
53. New name for Chactaspis Nishijima, 1954, not Bollman,
1887. Type-species, Chactaspis katoi Nishijima (automatic).

TYLOPTERNA Bezzi, 1916, Philippine Bur. Sci., Monog.
10: 31. 1 species. Type-species, T. monstrosum Bezzi (origi-
nal designation and monotypy). This was originally described
as an aberrant ortalid (i.e., Otitidae), and was subsequently
placed by Frey in the platystomatid subfamily Plastotephritinae.
Specimens in the U. S. National Museum show the species to
be clearly a chloropid, albeit a most unusual one. A note on
this was published by Sabrosky (1951, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
53:49).

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty. 1964

New Record of Coelotanypus cletic Roback
(Diptera: Tendipedidae) *

SELWYN S. ROBACK, Curator, Department of Limnology,
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

C. cletis is known only from a single male from the Island of
Jamaica (Roback 1963). Recently in studying collections at
the United States National Museum the author found three
additional specimens of this species from Cuba. These speci-
mens, each mounted on a slide, were 2 £<$ and 1 $ with the
following data.

La Jiquima, Pinar del Rio, Julio 27, 1956 (J. Acuiia). I
should like to offer a brief description of the female of this spe-
cies, based on the single slide mounted specimen.

Length 3.3 mm; head brown; antennal flagellum 13 seg-
mented; last four segments in ratio 20:20:20:47; palpus four
segmented; segments in ratio 25:45:70:124; thorax appears
dark brown with humeri lighter; LR I-.61 II-.62, III-.69; tibia
I with base and apex dark, femur I and all tarsal segments dark ;
tibia II and III with base and apex more narrowly black; tarsus
1 of II, III with only apex dark; T2_5 of II and III all dark;
apical spurs on T\ and T2 of leg I and on T1_3 of legs II, III ;
wing 2.4 mm; abdomen brown; spermathecae (3) with apical
half dark ; basal half and duct clear.

LITERATURE

ROBACK, S. S. 1963. New Neotropical Coelotanypus (Diptera, Tendi-
pedidae, Pelopiinae). Ent. News 74 (No. 7) : 169-176.

* The support of the National Science Foundation in this project is
gratefully acknowledged.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 187

Biological Notes on the Leaf Beetle Acalymma
gouldi (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae)

G. W. LAMMERS, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

The leaf beetle, Acalymma gouldi, is the type of its genus
and was described by H. S. Barber (1947) from specimens col-
lected from squash blossoms at Lafayette, Indiana in 1942. It
was not taken again from this area until 1962 (Gould). It has
been collected, but never in large numbers, from several other
states (Smith).

A. gouldi differs from Acalymma vittata (Fabricius) in its
yellowish abdomen and widened black stripes on the elytra ver-
sus the black abdomen and narrowed black stripes of A. vittata.
There is also a difference in genitalia structure between the two
species. The external color characters of A. gouldi make it
easily distinguishable from A. vittata, the only other member of
the genus found in the area of Lafayette, Indiana.

In June of 1962, A. gouldi was taken in small numbers near
Lafayette from cantalouge, cucumbers and squash. Prompted
by this discovery, investigations were begun in regard to the
life history and distribution of A. gouldi.

Distribution and Collection Data — The first collection of A.
gouldi on host plants other than truck crops was July 20, 1962
when six beetles were taken on the wild cucurbit, Echinocystis
lobata, a plant that is very common on the flood plains of the
Wabash River and similar areas. In eight one-hour collections
from July 20, 1962 to October 17, a total of 134 beetles was
collected at one location, an area approximately 100 feet wide
by ^ mile long and parallel to the Wabash River. The maxi-
mum number of beetles taken on a single collection was 32 on
October 14.

At another location, ^ of a mile downstream, 60 beetles \\ rrr
taken on October 19, 1962. Beetles were present here in such
large numbers that the Echinocystis plants were damaged ex-
tensively. In all collections, the numbers of A. gouldi exceeded
that of either A. vittata or Diabrotica undecimpunctata
(Barber), although these were always present.

188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u* 1964

On October 22, 1962, the Lafayette area experienced its first
killing frost. After the frost, all collection areas were again
searched and, even though temperatures ranged as high as
70° F, only two beetles were found. These were discovered
beneath leaf litter and died soon after being brought inside.

In April and May of 1963, all collection areas were re-exam-
ined. No beetles were found although the host plant was abun-
dant. No additional searches were made after this time, so
that it is not known whether the beetles occurred in 1963.

Life History — Almost all the females of A. gouldi collected
in October were gravid to the point where eggs were discernible
through the abdominal wall. They mated very actively at this
time, whereas no attempts to mate were observed during the
summer months. This is in contrast with A. vittata, collected
at the same time, which mated only during the summer months.

All attempts to rear A. gouldi from egg to adult proved futile.
Mating pairs of beetles collected in October were placed in petri
dishes containing moistened filter paper and cucumber seedlings.
Eggs were collected daily and put into two-dram vials with a
drop of water for moisture. The eggs were held at approxi-
mately 75° F until hatching, whereupon the larvae were trans-
ferred with a camel's hair brush to the rootlets of potted cu-
cumber plants. The latter were placed in cages and observed
for adult emergence ; however, none of the larvae completed
development. Using this method of rearing, it was impossible
to determine at what stage the immature beetles perished.

Fifteen females yielded a total of 360 eggs or an average of
24.0 per individual. The maximum and minimum numbers per
female were 74 and zero. None of these females lived longer
than 10 days, with the majority dying much sooner. After 30
days, some eggs from all egg laying individuals had hatched,
yet the total was only 39, or 10.8 per cent. The average length
of the egg stage at 75° F was 12.2 days, with a minimum of 10
days and a maximum of 20 days.

In another rearing attempt, the last collection of 60 beetles
was put in a single cage with numerous cucumber plants growing
in the soil. The beetles fed and deposited numerous eggs near

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 189

the base of the plants ; after 7 days, all beetles had died. After
25 days, a careful examination of the roots of some of the plants
failed to reveal any larvae. Likewise, no adults emerged from
the remaining group of plants.

It is clear that A. gouldi is not nearly so rare as previously
thought, and more intensive searching should reveal its presence
on E. lobata in other areas.

REFERENCES

BARBER, H. S. 1947. Diabrotica and two new genera (Coleoptera,
Chrysomelidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 49: 151-161.

GOULD, G. E. 1962. Attractiveness of squash varieties for cucumber
beetles. Proc. N. Cen. Br.( Ent. Soc. Am. 17: 154-157.

SMITH, R. F. 1963. Personal correspondence.

A Note on Auplopus Spinola in Trap-nests in Wis-
consin (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

J. T. MEDLER1

It is of interest to report on Auplopus nests found in TV or
]-inch holes drilled to the depth of six inches in sumac sticks,
and thus add another record to the variety of protected places
where the members of this genus are known to nest. Informa-
tion on the ecology and nesting behavior of Auplopus in the
northeastern United States was reviewed by Evans and Yoshi-
moto (1962).2 The mud-cell nests of the various species have
been reported under stones, prostrate logs, exposed tree roots
and the loose bark of standing trees ; also within burrows of the
mining bee, Anthophora, in old nests of Scdiphron, Trypoxylon.
and Polistes, inside an oak apple gall, in a crease in a wagon
cloth, etc.

1 Professor of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. This
work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid by the Research Committee
of the Graduate School from funds supplied by the Wisconsin Alumni
Research Foundation. The author acknowledges the aid of K. V. Krom-
bein in identification of specimens.

2 Ent. Soc. Amer. Misc. Pub. 3: 67-119.

190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u. 1964

Twelve nests of Auplopus caerulescens subcorticalis (Walsh)
were found among the many hundreds of trap-nests utilized by
bees and wasps in Wisconsin during 1952-1962. In some nests
the individual mud cells were strung together like beads, in
others they were separated from each other by spaces of no con-
sistent pattern. The mean number of cells was 4.5± 2.2, range
2 to 8. Each cell had a roughened or "pebbled" exterior. The
interior was smooth, but apparently unlined by salivary secre-
tions. The cylindrical cells were rounded at the bottom and
flattened at the top. They normally were 8-9 mm X 4.5-5 mm,
and had a cell wall ^ mm thick.

Each cell was provisioned with a single spider with its legs
amputated prior to being placed in the cell. In most cells the
larva consumed all of the prey and left no fragments. Rarely
a palpus or chelicera was found. The cocoon was thin, white,
paper-like, and firmly attached to the base of the cell by the
white meconium. The adult wasp emerged through a hole cut
in the side of the cell near the top. Nests were taken repre-
senting both a summer and an overwintering generation.

Rearing records from six nests are given in Table 1. There
was no consistent pattern in the sequence of sexes, and males
were produced before females in five nests.

A spider was obtained from cell 6, nest 4. According to
A. L. Turnbull, in litt., "It is an immature female and lacks all
appendages except the pedipalps. This makes it virtually im-
possible to identify the species. However, there is no doubt at
all that it belongs to the genus Clubiona (Family Clubionidae)."

Evans and Yoshimoto (op. cit.) reported immatures of
Trachelas tranquiUus (Hentz) (Clubionidae) and Phidippus
auda.v (Hentz) (Salticidae) and a female Anyphaena pectorosa
Koch (Anyphaenidae) as prey of A. subcorticalis. They de-
scribed the method used by the wasp to carry prey ; the spider
with its amputated legs is straddled and held by the spinnerets,
venter-up.

In addition to the localities given in Table 1, nests were ob-
tained in Lincoln and Washburn counties. Although the records
represent widely separated localities, all of the nests were found

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

191

in densely wooded areas, and were associated with swamp
habitats.

TABLE 1. Rearing records of Au pi opus subcorticalis (Walsh) in
trap-nests, showing the sequence of sexes.

Cell

Nest
X umber

Year and Location

l962,WaukeshaCo.

rf.

1962, Ozaukee Co.

1959, Dane Co.

1961, Dane Co.

Explanation of symbols: f = died during rearing; s = spider; Me =
Melittobia chalybii Ashm. ; * = empty cell.

A specimen of Auplofus mcllipes vanitarsatns (D.T.) was
also obtained from a trap-nest in 1956 at the Kettle Moraine
State Forest, Waukesha Co.

A Note on Hemyda aurata R.D. (Diptera: Tachi-

nidae), a Parasite of Podisus maculiventris

(Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) *

H. C. COPPEL and P. A. JONES ~

Studies of the predator complex associated with the intro-
duced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Htg.) in Polk Co., Wis-
consin, showed that one of the most common pentatomid species
collected in the field was Podisus macidiventris (Say) (Coppel
and Jones, 1963). Field collected P. maculiventris were main-

1 Approved for publication by the Director of the Wisconsin Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. This work was supported in part by a grant
from the Wisconsin Conservation Department.

2 Associate Professor and Project Associate, respectively, Department
of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.

192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u- 1964

tained in the laboratory from 1960-1962 inclusive and had an
apparent parasitization of less than one percent. The following
note provides data on one parasitic species reared from its host
and emphasizes the usefulness and possibility of associating
reared adults with both their immature stages and their host
(Sabrosky, 1952).

A female P. niaculiventris was collected in September, 1961,
and maintained in the laboratory. Approximately six months
later on March 30, 1962, when the pentatomid died, a dipterous
larva emerged and formed a puparium within 24 hours. A
tachinid fly emerged on April 5, 1962 and was subsequently
identified by C. W. Sabrosky, U. S. National Museum, as
Hemyda aurata R.D. According to Sabrosky (in litt.) H.
aurata is often collected, easily identified, and widely distributed,
but little is known of its biology. It occurs from British Co-
lumbia to New Hampshire, south to California, Mexico to
Georgia.

The adult head and wing of H. aurata were illustrated by
Williston (1908), but no information on the immature stages
was available. Consequently, it was possible, by simple dissec-
tion and association, to accumulate data on the immature stages.
The host, P. maculiventris, was dissected in warm water and
provided the first and second stage buccopharyngeal apparatuses.
Both were located in the abdomen of their host, appressed to an
inner surface. The interior of the puparium provided both the
buccopharyngeal apparatus of the third stage larva and the
internal pupal spiracle. All parts were cleared slightly in 10%
KOH and mounted on slides before illustrating. A binocular
zoom microscope fitted with an ocular grid was used for the
illustrations.

Certain specific characters of the puparium and larval stages
of H. aurata (Figs. 1-8) are useful in identification. The
buccopharyngeal apparatus of the first stage larva is joined
anteriorly to form a single or common mouth hook (Figs. 1-2)
and is apparently un jointed. Though not shown in Figs. 1 and
2 the apparatus has closely associated plates. The apparatus
of the second stage larva consists of an anterior segment com-

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

103

prising the paired mouth hooks and a posterior segment not too
distinct in outline (Fig. 3). The buccopharyngeal apparatus
of the mature or third stage larva (Fig. 4) is three segmented,
consisting of paired anterior mouth hooks, an intermediate re-
gion not clearly separated posteriorly, and a posterior region
consisting of prominent dorsal and ventral wings.

1.0 mm

PAJ

FIGS. 1-8. Hcmyda aurata R.D. 1. Buccopharyngeal apparatus of
first instar larva, dorsal view. 2. Buccopharyngeal apparatus of first in-
star larva, lateral view. 3. Buccopharyngeal apparatus of second instar
larva, lateral view. 4. Buccopharyngeal appartus of third stage larva,
lateral view. 5. Internal anterior spiracle of pupa. 6. Puparium, poste-
rior view. 7. Posterior stigmal plate. 8. Puparium, lateral view.

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1964

The pupal spiracles (Fig. 5) are located laterally within the
puparium on the posterior portion of the first abdominal seg-
ment, close to the dorsoventral suture. The surface of the
spiracle is appressed to the interior surface of the puparium but
no pupal respiratory horns are formed. Additional characters
of the puparium which are most reliable for specific determina-
tions are the stigmatal plates, their spiracular openings, and the
relative position of the stigmatal plates to each other, to the
anal opening, and to the horizontal axis of the puparium (Figs.
6-8). It should be noted that in H. aurata the orifices on the
stigmatal plates (Fig. 7) are small pores rather than continuous
slits as ocur in many tachinids.

REFERENCES

COPPEL, H. C., and P. A. JONES. 1963. Bionomics of Podisns spp. asso-
ciated with the introduced pine sawfly Diprion similis (Htg.) in
Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. 51 : 31-56.

SABROSKY, C. W. 1952. The importance of associating reared adults
with their immature stages. U. S. Dept. Agr. Series ET-300. 2 p.

WILLISTON, S. W. 1908. Manual of North American Diptera. 3rd ed.
James T. Hathaway, New Haven. 405 p.

Books Received

GUIDE TO THE INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. Part VI. The
Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. 9th Fasc. SIMULIIDAE
and THAUMALEIDAE by Alan Stone. Pp. vii + 126. Bull.
97 of State Geological and Natural History Survey of Con-
necticut, 1964. Distribution and Exchange Agent: State Li-
brarian, State Library, Hartford, Conn.

Gives keys for the subfamilies and tribes of the world, genera
of North America, and species of the Northeastern region (Vir-
ginia to Labrador, westward to the Great Plains).

INTRODUCTORY INSECT PHYSIOLOGY by Robert L. Patton.
Pp. 245, illus. Sept., 1963. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia
5, Pa. Price : $5.50.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195

Review

EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY : MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS.
R. H. Kay. 347 pp., illustrations, New York (Reinhold).
1964. Price: $12.00.

As biology becomes more and more specialized and sophisti-
cated, it becomes increasingly apparent that physical and chemi-
cal principles underly all biological phenomena, which thus be-
come amenable to precise measurement. The modern experi-
mental biologist is therefore obliged to cope with a burgeoning
array of instrumentation which his limited knowledge of math
and physics allows him to use but all too often not understand.
He therefore must accept on blind faith the information thereby
obtained.

In an attempt to rectify this situation, a number of physicists-
turned-biologists have published extremely helpful information
on instrumentation that includes only the salient points of con-
cern to biologists. This book is such a publication. Dr. Kay
is basically a physicist whose avowed purpose herein is to give
the biologist an intellectual acquaintance with the physical prin-
ciples governing his instrumentation. In some very readable
discussions, the author gently leads the reader through the
physics of the instrumentation for neurophysiological, optical,
and gas analyses. Also included are some minor digressions
with perhaps less practical value, such as a chapter on model
systems. In general, the principles rather than the specific ap-
plications of a measurement or an experimental manipulation are
discussed along with the types of devices used.

Although many senior investigators may benefit from certain
interesting discussions, such as the one on unwanted signal and
noise, the quality and plane of presentation make it a highly
desirable book for graduate students and junior investigators.
Furthermore, a lecturer or a lab instructor in search of an
uncomplicated presentation of the principles of operation of an
instrument may find this a useful source.

FRANK E. HANSON

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Beetles of the world wanted, all species in exchange for American
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Parkway, Wauwatosa 13, Wisconsin.

Acanthomyops (Citronella ants) wanted for revisionary study. Will
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

OCTOBER 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 8

CONTENTS

\Yeber — Termite prey of some African ants 197

Marshall — Predation by Conocephalus fasciatus (Orth.) 204

Scullen — Male of Eiiccrccris sinuata (Hym.) 205

Gangwere and Morales Agacino — The feculae of Orthoptera . . 209

Hepburn and Ross — Collembola from Mexico 219

Abdullah — Mastoremus idahoensis, a new Pedilinae (Col.) . . . 221

Book Reviews 223

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXV OCTOBER, 1964 Xo. 8

Termite Prey of some African Ants

XEAL A. WEBER, Swarthmore College,
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania

The most extensive account of ants preying on termites is
that by Wheeler (1936). Several more recent records of Afri-
can termites fed by ants to their larvae appeared in Weber
(1948). That year Professor A. E. Emerson of the University
of Chicago and I were independently collecting in Africa. Some
of the 1948 termite-ant records appeared in Weber, 1949a,
1949b, 1950 and 1952.

The ants taken by Professor Emerson with termites, mostly
in the former Belgian Congo (now the Republic of the Congo),
were sent to me together with his determination of the termites.
These unpublished records, together with several of mine, appear
below arranged according to the ants.

Megaponera foetens (Fabr.)

All accounts of this large, black African ant indicate that it is
peculiarly a predator of termites. The following records by Dr.
Emerson, all from the former Belgian Congo, are the most
extensive for identified termites.

"Returning from raid in forest carrying Odontotcnncs shul-
dcni Emerson, and Microtenncs cah'iis Emerson, Yangambi,
30.V.48.

About 150 seen massing in leaf debris where they collected
small Protcnncs; dead soldiers about. Camp Putnam, Epulu.
14.V.48.

(197)

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

Raiding Odontotennes that I had been collecting; 200 in
column; bed of stream. Sona Mpunga, 12.iv.48.

Raiding broken galleries of Odontotennes planiceps (Sjo-
stedt) ; forest gallery, 225 ants, 90% with termite worker-
soldier, 6-7 termites each 15 minutes going and coming. Sona
Mpunga, 12.iv.48.

Returning from raid on Microtermes calvus Emerson 4 :05
PM. Camp Putnam, Epulu, 22.V.48.

Returning from raid on Pseudacanthoterrnes militaris
(Hagen). Yangambi, 29.V.48.

Returning from raid on Acanthotcrmcs acantJwtJwra.v (Sjo-
stedt). Camp Putnam, Epulu, 16.V.48.

Ants carrying small Odontotcnucs through grassland near
shore of Lake Edward. 7.V.48.

Returning from raid with Pscndacanthotermes; Sunshine 2 :25
P.M Camp Putnam, Epulu, 22.V.48.

Raiding PsendacantJiotenncs. Camp Putnam, Epulu, 13.V.48."

An unpublished record of mine (Weber) is from former
French Equatorial Africa (Bangassou, latitude 4° 40' N, longi-
tude 22° 48' E, 12.iii.48). The Mcgaponcra were first seen at
8 :05 AM emerging from a hole in the concrete foundation of
the regional schoolhouse. The file was about 3? meters long
and consisted of 2-5 workers marching abreast. At this mo-
ment no single ant was in the lead but at 8:15 one took this
position, about 30 cm in advance of the file. At 8:16^ it was
daubed with red lacquer, whereupon it ran back into the file and
caused a general swarming of the head of the column, the ants
stridulating markedly. The sound could probably have been
heard at a distance of 3-5 meters by an average human ear.

At 8:20 the file split up, half going back along its same path
and the remainder proceeding into a patch of grass, milling about
for a few minutes, then returning to the others. Several workers
were carrying other live workers who quickly ran off when I
would pick up the carrier. One pair had terminal antennal seg-
ments missing on each ant. At 8 :26 the file, still about 3-|
meters long, returned to the hole from which it had emerged
21 minutes earlier, and the ants disappeared. Two stragglers

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199

at the rear were carrying smaller workers beneath their hoclies,
head forward. One of these carried had terminal antennal seg-
ments missing. By 8:31 the last straggler had returned but at
8:32 ants started out again. Only about one-third of the file
came out, followed by a gap of a meter, then more emerged.
The ants went into thick grass at 8 :35 and were temporarily
lost sight of.

Another file from the same nest must have left earlier for at
8:36 it suddenly emerged from the grass about 16 meters away
from the hole. Two workers were preceding the column by
about one meter, then came a single ant 25 cm in front of the
file. The file had been successful and was carrying dead ter-
mites, which slowed their progress compared with the other file.
One ant came up to a large Odontoinachns ant beside the file,
darted at it but did not seize it. One ant carried two soldier
and two worker termites, all by the "necks" and heads forward.
Others carried single termites, soldier or worker. At 9:10 an-
other part of a file returned, laden with termites.

At 8 :40 the next morning a file only about two-thirds of a
meter long returned back of me while I was otherwise occupied
and went down the entrance. These ants were also laden with
termites.

At another Bangassou building stray workers were seen forag-
ing singly from their hole in the wall. Between Bangassou and
Zemio along the Haut Mbomu River a file about 3^ meters long
was seen at 11 :30 AM but without prey. My .companion and I
disrupted them, whereupon they went on a few meters to the
base of a Macrotcrincs mound. They clustered together here,
mostly in the shade and with heads directed toward the mound.
Then they gradually turned about and returned the way they
had come. Across the river in the former Belgian congo near
Zemio March 4, a file was returning without prey at 10:20-30
AM. They were estimated to be about 100-300 ants. March 2,
west of Niangara 69 miles, former Belgion Congo a file was seen
travelling without prey at 12:10 PM.

Additional unpublished records of mine are from Kenya, Jan-
uary 1948, mostly about 6200 feet above sea level. A file

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

January 17, 8:20 AM, was without prey and traveling 4-6
abreast. One worker January 21, 8 AM, was walking at the
edge of a ravine, a second was found quietly stationary under
leaves and a third stray was seen. These ants may have become
lost from a file. Another single worker January 22, at 9 :45 AM,
was struggling with a dead one which was mud-covered and at
the entrance to what seemed to be an old termite mound ; other
workers were about this mound, none with loads. Nearby at
8:45 AM of the same day, however, the return of a successful
termite raid was witnessed. By 8:55 the ants had disappeared
down a hole 55 X 70 mm in what appeared to be an old termite
mound about 28 cm high and about 90 cm in diameter. The hole
led straight downward for at least 90 cm. One ant carried five
worker termites. A few straggling ants came in to the hole
until 9 :05 but were mostly without prey.

Centromyrmex congolensis Weber 1949

Worker. Length 6 mm, of thorax 1.8 mm. Agreeing well
with the original description (holotype in A.M.N.H.) except
for more rounded cutting margin of mandibles and other minor
details.

Mulungu, Congo, March, 1953, No. Z433, F. H. Hendricks.
The ants were in a nest of Odontotennes patnms (Sjostedt)
(det. A. E. Emerson).

Female and wale (undescribed). Camp Putnam, Epulu,
12.V.48, in nest of Apilitennes longiceps, Protermes prorepens
and other species (Emerson No. 18).

Centromyrmex appears to be an obligate predator of termites
and has striking morphological adaptations for this habit.

Bothroponera, probably n. sp.

Polymorphic, smooth and shining workers whose maxima are
eyeless, minima with minute eyes, and female with large eyes.
In nest containing Trinervitermes, Coactotermes, Amitermes,
Furculitermes. Keyberg, 25.iv.48.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 201

Pheidole punctulata Mayr

From deserted clay termite nest on forest floor, also contain-
ing Microterines feae Silvestri. Sona Mpungu, 21 km N Lufu,
20.iv.48.

In stick on ground in gallery forest with Microterines. Key-
berg, 9 km S Elizabethville, 17.iv.48.

In nest of Cubitermes fitngifaber var. elongata Sjostedt.
Brazzaville, former French Equatorial Africa, l.iv.48.

From small dirt mound of Ophlotcrmcs mandibularis Sjostedt.
Brazzaville, 7.vi.48.

In dead wood of Polyscias fitha with Odontotermes patruus
Sjostedt. Mount Biega, 2500-2550 m, v.48, F. Henbricks 3112.
Large termites may grasp the worker ants and amputate seg-
ments.

In vial of Microcerotcnncs dnrbancnsls Fuller, Durban, Natal,
iv.35, H. Kirby T-4300.

In large mound of Citbitermcs 1x2 ft, grassy woodland,
Keyberg, 22.iv.

Pheidole sp.

In nest of Cubitermes. Epulu, 1 l.iv.48.

P. speculifera Emery

From old termite mound occupied by Microcerotcrmes. Camp
Putnam, Epulu, 11. v.48.

P. nr. rotundata

In mound of Megagnathotermes katangensis Sjostedt. Key-
berg, 23.iv.48.

In mound of Cubitermes in dembo surrounded by grass in-
cluding also Anoplotermes, Micromatermes, Microtermcs, Ophi-
otermcs. Keyberg, 23.iv.48.

202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

Crematogaster (Sphaerocrema) lotti Weber

In nest, 6 inches high, of Cubitermes with Perlcapritermes,
Chiasognathus and Orthotermes mansuetus. Leopoldville,
5.iv.48.

In nest, 6 inches high, of Pericapritennes chaisognathus on
ground in woods. Leopoldville, 4.iv.48.

In nest of Nodltermes. Leopoldville, 5.vi.48.

From deserted termite nest on ground in Kalina woods.
Leopoldville, 4.iv.48.

In dirt termite nest on ground with Pericapritennes. Leo-
poldville, 6.iv.48.

C (C.) near brunneipennis

From arboreal nest of Nasutitermes nsambarensls (Sjostedt).
Rwindi Camp, S.v.48.

C (Sphaerocrema) near kneri Mayr

Living in mound of Trinervitermes ibadanicus Sjostedt.
Grassland on 4000 ft plateau, Plateau Province, Nigeria, 23.iii.50,
G. C. Webb No. 58.

C. (Sphaerocrema) bequaerti Forel

In mound with Termes. Keyberg, 23.iv.48.

Monomorium (Parholcomyrmex) destructor (Jerdon)

From nest of Cubitermes sankurcnsis and Mlcroceroterincs
macaoensis, Keyberg, 8 km south of Elisabethville, 17.iv.48. In
mound with Ancistrotermes cavlthora.v and Trinervitermes
oeconomus, Bangui, former French Equatorial Africa, 3.vi.48.
Tropicopolitan.

Monomorium sp. near floricola Jerdon

A small, blackish brown species with paler appendages and
densely punctate on the pedicel, epinotum and mesonotum ap-

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 203

pears to be an indigenous species. In mound nest of Cubitermes,
edge of Dembo No. 2, Keyberg, 24.iv.48. Ndjili, 18 km on rr.
S of Leopoldville, ll.vi.48, in mound of Odontotcrmcs.

Solenopsis punctaticeps kibalensis Wheeler

In Crinitermes mound, Keyberg, 23.iv.48, Winifred Emerson.

Myrmicaria eumenoides congolensis Forel

Preying on Microtermes fcae Silvestri in broken fungus
garden (see Dorylus bequaerti). Sona Mpungu, 21 km north
of Lufu, 12.iv.48.

These ants are generally insectivorous and have also been
taken by the author in Kenya (Barakitabu R., 22.i.48) carrying
dead termites. In one file of ants two were carrying termites,
a third was carrying a small locust. Another Myrmicaria near
a Megaponera file was carrying a worker and a soldier termite
but appeared to have gathered them from leavings of a successful
Megaponera raid.

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. brutus Forel

From old fungus gardens in mound of Apilitermes longiceps
(Sjostedt), Camp Putnam, Epulu, 14.V.48. Generalized in
habits. All worker castes.

C. (Orthonotomyrmex) vividus (F. Smith)

One media worker from nest of Microccrotermes, Keyberg,
17.iv.48, an arboreal nest 30 feet up in a tree in gallery forest
along a stream.

C. (Orthonotomyrmex) sericeus (Fabr. )

From nest of Macrotermes natalcnsis (Vial 12, photo),
Rwindi Camp, 6.V.48 and one of two species from Keyberg
(photo 2), 23.iv.48 in a mound with Citbitcrmcs, Crinitcruics.
Microtermes, Ancistrotermcs and Microccrotermes.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

C. (Myrmotrema) perrisii subsp. grandior (Forel)

From mound of Trinervitermes bettonianus (Sjostedt), 18
km south of Leopoldville, 9.vi.48.

C. (Myrmotrema) bayeri Forel

From mound of Trinervitermes ebnerianus Sjostedt, Ibadan,
Nigeria, 13.ii.50 (G. C. Webb, No. 49).

Tbe above two species, perrisii grandior and bayeri, are closely
related and both may be facultative predators on Trinervitermes.

LITERATURE CITED

WEBER, N. A. 1948. Ent. News 59: 31-35.

— . 1949a. Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 1398, pp. 1-9.

-. 1949b. Ecology, 30 : 397-400.

— . 1950. Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 1442, pp. 1-9.

— . 1952. Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 1548, pp. 1-32.
WHEELER, W. M. 1936. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sc., 71 : 159-243.

Insect Predation by Conocephalus fasciatus
(Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)

BYRON C. MARSHALL, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas

While collecting insects at my livingroom window with an
ultra-violet light in the summer and fall of 1963 there was an
opportunity to observe that the small katydid, or meadow grass-
hopper, Conocephalus fasciatus (De Geer), feeds actively on in-
sects. On several nights this species was attracted to the
window, and at times two or three individuals occurred there at
once. Their principal activity, while resting on the glass of
the window or nearby, was catching and eating small insects
which were attracted by the light. Leafhoppers were the chief
prey, though small Diptera and a variety of other small insects
were consumed. Many of the larger leafhoppers managed to
escape when seized, but the smaller species usually were caught
securely and they seldom escaped. The method of capture was

I.XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 205

to lunge when a leafhopper came close, and to grab it with the
mouth. In doing so, Conoccphalus did not release its foothold,
and much of the action was with the head and neck. A consider-
able number of small insects would be caught, one after the
other, and each one chewed up and swallowed. Apparently
after getting their fill, the little katydids would fly away in the
darkness of the night.

It is well known that Conocepholiis spp. feed on insects to
some extent (Gangwere, 1961, pp. 105-107, 160-161 ; Isely and
Alexander, 1949). However, I have seen no records of insect
food taken by C. jasciatns, and Gangwere recorded only plant
flowers or spikelets as food of jasciatus. He concluded that in
Conoccphalus spp. "animal foods are probably preferred over
plant foods, but that they are less often taken because of lesser
availability." My observations indicate that C. jasciatus preys
actively on insects when suitable opportunities occur.

I am grateful to Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, for assistance with the references cited.

REFERENCES

GANGWERE, S. K. 1961. A monograph on food selection in Orthoptera.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 87 : 67-230.
ISELY, F. B., and ALEXANDER, G. 1949. Analysis of insect food habits by

crop examination. Science 109: 115-116.

The Male of Eucerceris sinuata Scullen
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)1

HERMAN A. SCULLEN, Oregon State University

Eucerceris sinuata Scullen was described from a single female
specimen in 1939 (Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Ento-
mology, No. 1, p. 47). The type of this interesting but rare
species was taken at Devils River, Tex. Later a second female
was recorded from Leon Creek, Bexar Co., Tex. (Pan-Pacific

1 Financial support for the research upon which this paper is based
came from a National Science Foundation grant. (GB 963.)

206

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Oct., 1964

Ent. 33: 155-6, 1957). Since the above published records, fe-
males have been identified as follows : 50 miles southeast of
Monterrey, N. L., Mex. (Near a small air field at Monte-
morelos, on Baccharis glntinosa, 1,700 ft elevation, Oct 13, 1957
(H. A. Scullen) ; Leon Creek, Bexar Co., Tex., Oct 12, 1952
(M. Wasbauer) ; 4 $$, Montemorelos, N. L., Mex., Sept 8,
1963 (Scullen and Bolinger).

When the writer collected the above females at Montemorelos
in 1957 a series of eleven males was taken on the same patch of

MAP 1. Distribution of Eucerceris sinuata Scullen.

Baccharis glntinosa. At that time it was noted these could be
the male of C. sinuata. To make further observations on this
point the writer again visited the same location Sept 8, 1963
in company with Dr. Duis Bolinger. At this later time 4 addi-
tional females and 47 males were taken. Although mating was
not observed and the nesting area was not found the following
facts convinced the writer that the males taken at this location
were the males of E. sinuata Scullen. ( 1 ) No other specimens
of the genus belonging to either sex were taken at either visit

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

207

to the area, (2) the two sexes closely agreed in size and color
pattern and (3) the two sexes were closely associated in their
adult feeding on Baccharis. The male is here described.

Eucerceris sinuata Scullen. Figures 1-4, MAP 1.

Male: Length 14 mm. Largely ferruginous infused with
black over limited areas and with yellow markings ; punctation
small and crowded ; pubescence very short ; abdominal bristles
limited to one small divided row on the 5th sternum.

Eucerceris sinuata Scullen. FIGS. 1-4, Male. 1. Face, 2. Venation,
3. Ventral abdominal bristles, 4. Pygidium.

Head one fourth wider than the thorax ; ferruginous except
for a black area which embodies the ocelli and extends over the
face through the antennal scrobes to the clypeal area where each
extension narrows to a black line ; a narrow black patch borders
the eye near the vertex ; face otherwise yellow ; clypeal border
with three subequal denticles ; hair lobes extend along the entire
lateral clypeal lobes ; mandibles without denticles but showing a
slightly elevated area medially ; antennae normal in form.

Thorax ferruginous becoming very dark in depressed areas
and with yellow markings ; pronotum, band on the scutellum.

208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

the metanotum, large patches on the pleuron below the wing, a
smaller elongate spot on the sterno-pleural area, the medial area
of the sternum and a patch on the tegulae, all of which are
yellow ; tegulae low and smooth ; enclosure with a medial groove
and strongly ridged laterally parallel to the base except at the
extreme lateral angles ; mesosternal tubercles absent ; legs fer-
ruginous except for much of the coxae, the trochanters, spot on
the apical end of the third femora and all segments of the tarsi,
all of which are yellow ; wings subhyaline posteriorly but
deeply clouded in the anterior area, the third submarginal cell
not petiolate.

Abdomen ferruginous with a broad emarginate band on
tergum 1 , a broad band on tergum 2 showing a small ferruginous
patch in the center, two bands with the more basal one evanes-
cent on terga 3, 4 and 5, broad band on tergum 6, an evanescent
band on sternum 2, band on sternum 3, lateral patches on sterna
4 and 5, all of which are yellow ; pygidium as illustrated ; ventral
abdominal bristles forming a single short divided row on the
apical border of sternum 5.

Superficially the male of E. sinuata Scullen is very similar
to the male of E. canaliculata (Say) from which it is separated
by the ventral abdominal bristles. The latter species has three
distinct rows of bristles. The male of the former species also
closely resembles the male of E. rubripcs Cresson from which it
is separated by the very much longer row of ventral abdominal
bristles on rubripcs. The distribution of all of the three species
overlap in the central part of Texas.

Specimens examined: Mexico : J1, 4 miles west Linares, N. L.,
1,300 ft elev., Sept. 7, 1963 (Scullen and Bolinger) ; ?, 11 <&?,
Montemorelos, N. L., 1,700 ft elev., Oct. 12, 1957 (H. A.
Scullen) \\\33, ibid., Oct. 13, 1957 (H. A. Scullen) ; 4 ??, 47
dtf, ibid., Sept. 8, 1963 (Scullen and Bolinger) ; 2 JJ, 23 miles
north Sabinas, Coah., Aug. 10, 1959 (Menke and Strange).
Texas: ?, Devils River, May 5, 1907 (F. C. Bishopp) : ?, Leon
Creek, Bexar Co., Oct. 17, 1952 (B. ]. Adelson) ; ?, ibid., Oct.
12,1952. (W. Wasbauer).

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 209

"The Feculae ("Feces") of some Orthoptera
(sens, lat.) of Tunisia l

S. K. GANGWERE - AND E. MORALES AGACINO 3

The feculae ("feces") of insects are of considerable biological
significance. Unlike the feces of mammals, these pellets are
the products of two organ systems, the digestive and excretory,
whose complex interplay is responsible for shaping them. They
can be viewed as a veritable study in adaptation. Notwith-
standing their fundamental importance, little is known about
them. The first comprehensive treatment of orthopteran feculae
was given in Gangwere (1962). This report included observa-
tional and experimental data relative to the factors responsible
for the conformation, texture, color, and size characteristic of
each of nine arbitrarily proposed fecal categories. Among these
factors were included variations in food selection and in the
structure and use of the insects' mouthparts and alimentary
canal, as well as their habits.

Some questions relative to orthopteran feculae have, there-
fore, been answered, but others await an answer. For example,
are the classes of feculae noted above encountered in orthop-
terous faunas throughout the world? One would assume that
they are, on the basis of the ubiquity of the insect groups, as
well as their food-plants. Are new types of feculae obtainable
from exotic groups with feeding habits that differ from those
of the Michigan species on which Gangwere (1962) was largely
based? What is the nature of the size relationship between
feculae and the insects that void them?

An obvious way in which to gain insight into these matters is
to analyse the feculae of an exotic fauna, and compare the
results with those from Michigan. In such an investigation it
is essential that the feculae of each insect be kept separate, for

1 Contribution No. 112 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State
University, Detroit 2, Michigan.

- Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Wayne State University.
3 Executive-Secretary, Institute Espanol de Entomologia, Madrid, Spain.

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

only in this manner can material be obtained that will permit
simultaneous study of the above questions.

A recent meeting of the Commission Internationale pour la
Lutte Biologique contre les ennemis des cultures furnished an
opportunity to pursue these questions. The proximity of Tunez,
the site of the conference, to a number of good localities gave
ample opportunity to obtain feculae. The coastal and desert
areas of Tunisia are fairly typical of the Mediterranean region;
hence, the area, though selected by accident rather than by
design, was a fortunate choice, and the material obtained may
be considered fairly representative of this important region.

METHODS

The individual specimen containers each consisted of a small
rectangular piece of paper rolled spirally into a cone-like object,
or cornucopia. The apex of each was bent on itself for closure,
after which one of the living animals was thrust inside, and was
trapped there as the base flap of the cornucopia was bent in place
and its edges folded to hold it tight. The collection data were
written directly on the resulting cone. Large numbers of ani-
mals, each in its own cone, were collected, transported, and
stored in pasteboard boxes. This technique, originally per-
fected by Morales, obviated the need for killing apparatus, and
presented a practical means of keeping all specimens, even fragile
ones, unbroken. Orthoptera collected in this manner lived for
several days, and usually defecated many times.

In the laboratory, the feculae of each orthopteran were placed
(with a paper label bearing the specimen number) in an indi-
vidual shell vial, stoppered by a cork, and stored dry. At a
later time they were investigated in the following order : 1 )
they were examined cursorily and classified as to type; 2) crude
taxonomic determination \vas attempted on the basis of the
feculae alone, which served to avoid bias arising from precon-
ceived notions concerning the distribution of fecal types among
the insect groups; 3) the feculae were photographed, using a
Leica 35 mm camera and extension tubes, and the resulting
prints, made to scale, facilitated comparison of pellet conforma-

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

211

tion, texture, and size; 4) the feculae were studied in detail,
using a binocular dissecting microscope, and careful notations
were made of their conformation, texture, and color; 5) their

> TABARCA
5,17

AINDRAWA
3,4,12.15,17.

KELIBI.
14.

WAMMAMET
5.18.

1 AMELES DUMONTI chop.

2 BLEPHAROPSIS MENDICA (Pabr)

3ACP.YDIUMBRACHYPTSRUM (Luc.)

4 PVRSOMORPHA CONICA (Oliv.)

5 ACRIDA TURPITA L.

6ACAIDELLA NASUTA (L.)
7PLATYPTEBNA SP.

8DUROMLELLA LUCAS! (Bol )

9 EP.EMOOAYLLUS HAMMAOAE Kr.

10TMETHIS PULCHOIPENNI5 (Serv.)

11 ACINIPE FORELI CP--S*».)

12 PEZOTETTIX SIOPNAI C«o»*.)

13THISOICETRUS ANNOLOOUS (Walk.)
14-EYPREPOCNEMIS PLORANS (Charp.)

16 THALPOMENA ALGERIANA (LOC.)
16SPMINCOMOTUS TQICINCTUS (WelW.)

f/ACROTYLUS INSUQRICUS (SCop.)
16ACROTVLUS PATPOBH8 (H.-8.)

SFAX
13,18.

GABES .
4,6^1,13,14.

I.DJERBA

1,2.4.0.7.8,

9.IO.I5.I6.I8.

0 20 40 6O 80 100

' 1 L i i . KMS.

MAP 1. Tunisia with localities and list of species.

212

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Oct., 1964

FIG. 1. A Type I A' fecula of the graminivore Acrida turrita (Acridi-
dae, Acridinae).

FIG. 2. A Type 1C' fecula of the non-graminivore Pyrgomorpha conica
(Acrididae, Pyrgomorphinae). Note the apical projection* often char-
acteristic of this type of fecal pellet.

FIG. 3. A Type 1C" fecula of the non-graminivore Pyrgomorpha
conica.

FIG. 4. A Type ID fecula of the non-graminivore Acinipe forcli (Acri-
didae, Pamphaginae). Note the transverse crease or furrow** charac-
teristic of this type of fecal pellet.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 213

length (exclusive of any apical projections) and width were
measured in millimeters by an ocular micrometer; 6) one or
more of each type of feculae from each animal was made into a
permanent microscope preparation, using a polyvinyl alcohol
mounting medium; and 7) these slides, representing each fecal
type (hence, each content) of each orthopteran, were then
analyzed in the manner of Gangwere (1961) to determine food
content.

These studies on feculae were followed by 8) measurement
of each defecator. These measurements, made with calipers,
were of the distance in millimeters between the most anterior
extension of the head capsule and the distal end of the hind
femora, with the latter projecting caudad and parallel to the
main axis of the body. This particular index of size is readily
measured and involves few sutures, possible sources of error
because of their tendency to telescope. Furthermore, it corre-
sponds rather well to the actual effective length of the animal.
A ratio between measurements, as suggested by Dirsh (1953),
yields a more accurate determination of size, but the latter is
somewhat more difficult to calculate, and does not give the same
ready impression of size as the method here employed.

RESULTS

During the period of March 26 to April 6, 1962, collections
were made in Tunisian oases at Ain Draham, Tabarca, Tunez,
Kelibia, Hammamet, Sfax, Gabes, and Djerba. Small series of
each of eighteen species belonging to seventeen genera and eight
subfamilies were obtained and studied. The results of the study
of these materials are presented in Table 1, which lists the
characteristics of the orthopteran specimens and their feculae ;
Map 1, which shows the localities of the species; and Figs. 1-6,
which illustrate the new types of feculae encountered.

An examination of Table 1 discloses that four of the kinds of
feculae found in this study belong to types formerly described as

FIG. 5. A Type IVE fecula of the predator Blepharopsis mcndica
(Mantidae, Empusinae).
FIG. 6. A Type IVE' fecula of the predator Blcpharopsis tuendica.

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

IA, IB, 1C, and IVA (Gangwere, 1962). Two types, ID and
IVE, the latter including a subtype, IVE', are new. Also new
are three other subtypes, I A', 1C, and 1C". These new kinds,
Figs. 1-6, are non-ridged and non-granular. The first four of
the six, as listed below, are elongate kinds.

Subtype I A' (Fig. 1). Feculae similar in type to I A, but
more narrow and elongate in form. Like Type IA they are
elongate, spindle-shaped, and composed of numerous obliquely
aligned grass fibers. They tend to be shades of brown or tan,
often touched with salmon. They are characteristic of certain
Acridinae, particularly the more extreme slant-faces (e.g.,
Acrida), but also of some Oedipodinae (e.g., Acrotylus}.

Subtype 1C' (Fig. 2). Minute, cylindrical or ovoid feculae.
Their fibers, if any, are unaligned, and they are similar to 1C,
differing in their less contorted, more regular form, their smaller
size, and frequent possession of an apical projection. They are
composed of forbs, which impart a brown or black color, with
touches of tan, gray, salmon, or red. They are characteristic
of Pyrgomorpha (Pyrgomorphinae), and are encountered also
in nymphs of Thisoicctrus (Cyrtacanthacridinae), and, less com-
monly, in some individuals of Eremogryllus (Acridinae).

Subtype 1C" (Fig. 3). Minute, highly twisted and irregular
feculae of unaligned kind. They are similar in type to 1C, but
are narrower and smaller. Their color, not surprisingly, is
similar to that of Subtype 1C', of which they are a variation.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE 1

* For discussion of types of feculae see Gangwere (1962), as well as
the foregoing text.

** The code used to describe the composition of feculae is as follows :
(1) "grasses" (i.e., narrow-leaved herbs, including true grasses, sedges,
and rushes) ; (2) "grasses" and minor amounts of "forbs" (i.e., broad-
leaved herbs and perhaps also shrubs, the leaves of which cannot be sep-
arated accurately) ; (3) mostly "grasses," but moderate amounts of
"forbs"; (4) mostly "regular" (non-bristly or fibrous) "forbs" and
fibrous, spinous, or pubescent ones, together with moderate amounts of
"grasses"; (5) mostly "regular forbs," but moderate amounts of
"grasses"; (6) fibrous, spinous, or pubescent "forbs"; (7) fibrous,
spinous, or pubescent "forbs," together with "regular" ones; (8) "regular"
(non-bristly or fibrous) "forbs"; (9) "regular forbs," especially their
floral parts; (10) leaves of woody plants (?) or perhaps forbs, as well as
their floral parts; (11) leaves of woody plants (?) or perhaps forbs;
(12) sclerites and other insectan remains.

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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TETRIGIDAE
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AMELINAE
Ameles dumonti

EMPUSINAE
Blepharopsis mer

216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

They are found in Pyrgomorpha and, less commonly, in nymphs
of Tliisoicetrus.

Type ID (Fig. 4). Feculae of unaligned type and cylindrical
form, and characterized especially by one or more transverse
creases, or furrows. They are generally large, and their color
is often fuscous, but may be other shades of brown, or even yel-
low or gray. They are found in the two genera of Pamphaginae
here examined, z'is., Acinipe and Tmethls.

Type IV E (Fig. 5). The feculae of the carnivorous mantid
genera Ameles and Blepharopsis (Amelinae and Empusinae,
respectively) proved to be either Type IVE or its subtype, IVE'.
Type IVE feculae are non-elongate, subtriangular or strongly
angulate objects of dull, powdery texture and variable color,
usually shades of brown or gray, often with touches of rust.

Subtype IVE' (Fig. 6). These are similar to Type IVE, but
possess a more regular, subovoid outline. In form they ap-
proach Type IVC and IVD but differ in their dull, powdery
texture.

DISCUSSION
THE SIZE RELATIONSHIPS OF FECULAE

The correlation in size that may exist between an individual
orthopteran and its feculae is of interest. It seems clear that
there should be a direct, positive correlation, but actual records
are scarce. Day (1950) noted that the feculae of the large cock-
roach Macropanesthia have over 300 times the volume of those
of the smaller Blattella, a ratio in proportion to the weight rela-
tionship between the two species.

In Gangwere (1962), without the support of quantitative data,
it was asserted that there is, indeed, a positive correlation. It
was noted that small species tend to defecate comparatively
small feculae. Males, which are smaller than females of the
same species, tend to void smaller feculae, and early-stage
nymphs produce smaller feculae than do the larger instars of
the same species. Size appears to be a function of food selec-
tion, as well as size of defecator. Soft, succulent, and less

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 217

fibrous foods are associated with smaller feculae. Another fac-
tor is the size of individual morsels ingested, which, in turn, is
determined by the insects' behavior during feeding, as well as
the size and form of their mouthparts. Also important is senes-
cence, which may result in the production of smaller feculae
through resulting changes in food selection and food consump-
tion.

Analysis of Table 1 discloses that the ratio of average length
of feculae to length of animal varies somewhat from group to
group of Orthoptera. The lowest ratio (therefore, longest
feculae with respect to body size) is in the Pamphaginae, in
which it varies from 1:2 to 1:6. In most acridids this ratio
varies from about 1 :5 to 1 :8 or occasionally 1 :9, but in Pyrgo-
niorpha it is relatively great, most often higher than 1:10. In
Acrida and Acrldella it is also great, often reaching 1:11 or
greater. The highest ratio (1:20 or more) is found in the
mantids. These ratios correlate generally with the body con-
formation and habits of the animals. The pamphagines are usu-
ally squat, comparatively short, geophilous insects of large size,
whereas the phytophilous Acrida, Acrldella, and Pyrgomorpha
and the two mantids (one geophilous, the other phytophilous)
are relatively elongate, slender organisms. It follows that those
insects having intermediate ratios should be intermediate in
their body proportions ; invariably this is the case.

The fact that females produce larger feculae than do their
males is also documented in Table 1. Not only are the feculae
larger, but they are disproportionately so. The single female of
Acinipe was found to have a ratio of 1:4, whereas the male of
that insect had one of 1:6. The only female of Acrida proved
to have a ratio of 1:8, whereas the males had ratios of 1:11.
1:11, 1:10, 1:9, and 1:11. respectively.

Data on the size trend among feculae of nymphs are too
incomplete to disclose much about the ratios in these stages.

The explanation of the disproportionately large feculae of
females is obscure. It might be explicable on the basis of sexual
disparities in food selection, but such do not appear to exi.st
(Gangwere, 1961). It might possibly be explained by differ-

218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

ences in food consumption, the larger females simply eating
more food and egesting more food residues. This hypothesis
fails, for, although females do eat somewhat more food, they
actually eat less in proportion to their body size (Gangwere,
1959). Perhaps the answer lies in the females' more sluggish
nature, from which one would deduce a comparatively lower
metabolic rate. Indeed, Uvarov (1948) cited records that, at
temperatures of 30 to 35° C, the rate of respiration in adult
male locusts is almost twice that in adult females of the same
species. Such a difference in metabolism might, for example,
contribute to comparatively retarded digestive processes in fe-
males, leaving larger amounts of undigested food residues. An-
other possible explanation lies in the fact that food apparently
passes through the length of the digestive tract in a compara-
tively unbroken column, interrupted finally when the rectal mus-
cles pinch off lengths, which are extruded as feculae. A lower
metabolic rate could result in greater intervals of time between
contraction of these sphincter muscles, hence, longer feculae.

TYPES OF FECULAE

On the basis of the feculae of the forty-seven species of Michi-
gan Orthoptera studied earlier (Gangwere, 1962), and the eight-
een species of Tunisian Orthoptera here examined, a number of
arbitrary types and subtypes of these pellets can be recognized.
A synopsis of all classes originally designated is available in the
earlier work, and descriptions of the new types and subtypes
are given herein. These classes are not to be construed as any-
thing more than a convenient, though artificial, way of describ-
ing certain characteristics ; in view of their observed variation
no other interpretation is tenable. Indeed, consecutive feculae
from a single animal may be of different types or subtypes,
largely in response to the varying influence of food, and the
feculae of animals of large, variable groups may well run the
entire gamut of form, size, color, and texture between several
types.

It was demonstrated in Gangwere (1962) that food selection
largely determines the form, texture, size, color, and fiber align-
ment, if any, which characterize feculae. In general, the more

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 219

succulent, softer, and less fibrous a food, the smaller, more ir-
regular, and more twisted the feculae. This is well-illustrated
in the present study. The feculae of forbivores proved to be
proportionately smaller and less regular than those of compara-
ble-sized graminivores, and lacked the fiber alignment charac-
teristic of the latter. Nevertheless, a number of Cyrtacanthacri-
dinae and Oedipodinae voided feculae somewhat intermediate
between Types 1C and IB. The basis of this structural gradation
was clarified by microscopic analysis. It was found that the
partial alignment of these basically 1C feculae, which caused
them to resemble IB types, was a result of an unusual concen-
tration of non-grass fibers, epidermal "hairs," or spines. It was
not a consequence of grass content.

{To be continued)

Collembola from Mexico

H. RANDOLPH HEPBURN 1 and GARY N. Ross 2

Excepting the works of Handschin (1928) and Bonet &
Tellez (1947), the collembolous fauna of Mexico remains, for
the most part, little known. During his studies of the butter-
flies of Veracruz, the junior author collected the 11 species
treated in this paper.

Collections were made in the Tuxtla Mountains in the south-
ern part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The collections
were made by G. N. Ross in the village of Ocotal Chico (ele-
vation 1,900'), a small Popoluca Indian settlement situated
on the leeward slope of Volcan Santa Marta (elevation 5,000'),
and the date was August 3, 1963. The village is situated on
one of a series of narrow ridges that radiate down from the
volcano and is covered with a fine growth of pine (Finns
oocarpa}. The slopes of these ridges are usually rather steep
and are covered with various species of oak (Qucrcus sp.) and
other deciduous hardwoods.

1 Department of Zoology, Louisiana State University.

2 Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University.

220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

Mull humus samples, scraped from beneath a decaying log
(the 4th stage of decay, Kendeigh, 1961), and leaf litter were
placed in a Berlese funnel and put out in the sunlight for two
days. The complete absence of electricity in the region may
account for the paucity of specimens collected. All specimens
are in the museum of the Department of Zoology, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, La. Unless otherwise stated,
species listed constitute new national records.

Hoffia robust a Scott, 1961.

Xenylla nitida Tullberg, 1871. The same species is recorded

from Tlaloc, D.F., Mexico by Handschin (1928).

Proisotoma titusi Folsom, 1937. Except for minor variations

in the color pattern, the specimens herein recorded agree with

Folsom's original description of this species.

Isotoma violacca Tullberg, 1876 f. mucronata Alexson, 1900.
The specimens agree with the mucronata form in the relation-
ship of the postantennal organ to the eyes ; but, in color, most
agree with the caeruleata form. Since the postantennal organ
is generally a more reliable character than is color, the authors
have considered these specimens as belonging to the mucronata
form.

Isotoma I'iolacca Tullberg, 1876 f. caernleata Guthrie, 1903.
This specimen at hand agrees perfectly with the caernleata form
both in structure and in color.

Archisotoma besselsi (Packard), 1877.

Tomocerus flavescens (Tullberg), 1871.

Lepidocyrtus summer si (MacGillivray), 1894.

Cyphoderus bidenticulatus (Parona), 1888.

Salina sp. A single specimen of this genus remains unidentified

but might easily be 5\ wolcotti Folsom recorded from Puerto

Rico.

Entomobrya griseoolivata Packard, 1873.

LITERATURE CITED

BONET, F. and C. TELLEZ. 1947. Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Nat. 8

(1-4) : 193-203.
FOLSOM, W. J. 1927. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Art. 6.

-. 1937. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 168.
HANDSCHIN, E. 1928. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool. 36 : 533-552.
KENDEIGH, C. 1961. Animal Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood
Cliffs, N. J. P. 23 and p. 171.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 221

Mastoremus idahoensis, a New Species of

Pedilinae (Coleoptera, Anthicidae)

from Southern Idaho l' '~

MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH, Department of Zoology,
University of Reading, England

Professor William F. Barr of the University of Idaho has
kindly sent me his collection of pediline beetles for identification.
In it I discovered a third species of Mastoremus from his State
which is described below. The two known species (longicornis
Casey, 1895 — type of the genus — and diversicornis Abdullah,
1964) are recorded from Arizona (Abdullah, 1964). I also
found a male specimen of diversicornis from Final Mts., Arizona,
collected on July 3, 1941 by \V. F. Barr.

Only the female of diversicornis is known. The female of
other species and the immature stages of all of them remain to
be discovered. It should be helpful to collectors to note that the
antennae are serrate in the male and filiform in the female.

The following key should serve to separate the males of the
three species of Mastoremus Casey:

1. Antennae nearly as long as the body, less serrate from the
sixth segment onwards ; eyes separated by about twice their

own width above (Arizona) longicornis Casey.

Antennae shorter than the body, less or not serrate from the
ninth segment onwards ; eyes separated by about their own
width above 2.

2. Seventh abdominal sternite, eighth sternite and eighth tergite

entire (Idaho) idahoensis, new species.

Seventh abdominal sternite, eighth sternite and eighth tergite
emarginate (Arizona) diversicornis Abdullah.

Mastoremus idahoensis Abdullah, new species

Holotype. Male (author's No. 610), U.S.A., IDAHO, Cassia
County, 4^ miles east of Idahome, August 14, 1955 (R. A.
Mackie) , will be deposited at the California Academy of Sciences.

1 Coleopterological contribution Number 27.

2 Work supported by a research grant from the University of Reading.

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1964

Differs from the holotype of diver sicornis (see Abdullah,
1964: 123-125) as follows. Elytra dark brown. First two
antennal segments black, rest brown. Median line on vertex
not distinct. Eyes brown (artificially) slightly depressed.
Median pronotal sulcus distinct but not impressed. Seventh
(= fifth visible) abdominal sternite entire. Eighth sternite en-
tire, small. Eighth tergite entire, small. Tegmen slightly nar-
rower, shape similar, apex more tapering than suggested by the
figure (Abdullah, 1964: 124, fig. 12). Median lobe with median
struts shorter and divergent. Length : 4.5 mm.

Paratypes. 7 designated. Records and Variation. All are
males. Three were collected along with the holotype and are at
the University of Idaho. Labrum and clypeus are reddish-
brown ; elytra are less dark than in the holotype and have some
small bare areas.

Idaho, Cassia County, Malta, August 24, 1958 (W. F. Barr),
1 paratype, at the University of Idaho. Elytra dark, clypeus
reddish-brown, distal antennal segments brown.

Idaho, Oneida County, 4 miles south of Black Pine, on Kochia
vestita (as mentioned on label), August 12, 1953 (T. B. O'Con-
nell), 2 paratypes, at the University of Idaho; 1 paratype, in
the British Museum (Natural History) London. In one
specimen the median pronotal sulcus is impressed. Elytra are
light brown becoming dark towards apex in one.

Anal (= Wedge) cell of the wing is both open and closed in
the species. Length varies from 4.5-6 mm among males.

Seasonal distribution. August 14-24.

Bionomics. The specimens near Black Pine were collected on
Red Sage or Kochia americana var. vestita (Chenopodiaceae).

Remarks. The antennae are 12-segmented in all the speci-
mens examined.

REFERENCE

ABDULLAH, M. 1964. A new species of Mastoremus (Col., Anthicidae)
from Arizona. Ent. mon. Mag. 24(4) : 123-126 (1963).

I-XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 223

Book Reviews

Emerson, K. C. CHECKLIST OF THE MALLOPHAGA OF NORTH
AMERICA (North of Mexico). Part I. Suborder Ischnoptera,
Pp. 1-171. Part II. Suborder Amblycera. Pp. 1-104. Both
volumes are by offset, 8 X 1(H, paper covers, stapled. Published
by Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah. Distribution was
free and copies may be obtained from: Chief, Ecology and
Epidemiology Branch, Dugway Proving Ground.

This is the first such checklist to be published since Kellogg's
of 1889, and the only one anywhere that includes an up-to-date
classification. The features of listing hosts, in addition to the
type host; and listing expected hosts, are unique. It is hoped
that these features will assist collecting, and interest new stu-
dents in Mallophaga taxonomy.

Richards, O. W. THE SOCIAL INSECTS. A "Harper
Torchbook" (paperback) TB 542. Pp. 219, 51 photos, 12 figs.
Harper and Brothers, New York 16, N. Y. Price $1.50.
Originally published in London in 1953. This edition (1961)
includes some corrections and additions.

Borror, Donald J. and Dwight M. DeLong. AN INTRO-
DUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INSECTS. Revised edition. Pp. xi
+ 819. Holt, Rinehart and \Yinston. New York, 1964. Price
$14.50.

This work was first published in 1954 (see Ent. Nezvs 65:
250). The revision shows many minor refinements and addi-
tions ; especially the classification has been brought up-to-date,
and the keys greatly improved. The illustrations are all clear
and clean looking, and, in its new format — now double column—
the book presents a fine appearance. It is an excellent practical
book for the study and keying of actual insect specimens.

This is intended for a beginning course in college entomology.
If so used the reviewer would urge that this course never be-
comes an only course for any student, but that other courses
accompany or follow it in order to present the true breadth and
depth of modern entomology. — R. G. SCHMIF.DER.

Entomologist's Market Place

ADVERTISEMENTS AND EXCHANGES

Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per
line, payable in advance to the editor.

Notices of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free

to subscribers.

All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are
added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at
the top are discontinued.

Beetles of the world wanted, all species in exchange for American
beetles, moths and butterflies. James K. Lawton (age 18), 7118 Grand
Parkway, Wauwatosa 13, Wisconsin.

Acanthomyops (Citronella ants) wanted for revisionary study. Will
sort from yellow Lasius. M. W. Wing, State University College, Cort-
land, N. Y.

Carabidae of the genus Ceroglossus wanted for revisional study. Will
purchase, loan, or exchange Coleoptera. Carl Farr Moxey, 414 Woodland
Ave., Wayne, Pennsylvania.

Syrphidae. Exchange or purchase. Will collect any order or family in
the New England area. F. C. Thompson, Dept. Entomology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

Membracidae wanted. Purchase or exchange. T. L. Stringfellow,
Military Reservation, Box 11-A, Hudson, Massachusetts.

Buprestidae, Scarabaeidae, and butterflies wanted in exchanges for
beetles and butterflies. Mr. W. van der Starre, 25 Crawley St., Warr-
nambool, Victoria, Australia.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NOVEMBER 1964

Vol. LXXV No. 9

CONTENTS

Evans — Classification and evolution of digger wasps

Knight — The pupa of Protanyderus margarita (Dipt.) 237

Gangwere and Morales Agacino — Feculae of Orthoptera 242

Bishop Museum opens 251

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ENTOMOLOGICAL DEIS

VOL. LXXV NOVEMBER, 1964 No. 9

The Classification and Evolution of Digger Wasps

as Suggested by Larval Characters

(Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)1

HOWARD E. EVANS, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.

A current issue of the Transactions of the American Ento-
mological Society contains a report on the larvae of digger
wasps, this report being a supplement to a series of papers pub-
lished in the Transactions and in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Evans
and Lin, 1956a, b; Evans, 1957, 1958, 1959a, b, 1964). My
research in this field is now concluded. Since it consumed a
great many hours of research time and over 300 pages of space
in entomological journals, it seems fitting to ask whether it
was all worthwhile. What, in fact, did this extended study of
larvae teach us about the classification of the Sphecoidea?

Although I presented a summary and conclusions in Part V
of this series of papers (1959a), I have now had time to give
further thought to the matter. Also, the work resulting in
the current supplementary report has given me confidence in
the validity of the generic and subfamilial characters which I
have found. The present paper is an attempt to bring together
some of the ideas emerging from this work, in particular to sug-
gest certain changes in classification which deserve consideration
by those working with adult structure or with the ethology of
these wasps.

1 A portion of the publication expenses of this paper were paid from
the William Morton Wheeler Fund of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.

(225)

M«u9
INSTITUTION mJY*

226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

THE CLASSIFICATION OF DIGGER WASPS

The digger wasps are commonly considered to form a super-
family, the Sphecoidea. This is a large complex of several hun-
dreds of genera and thousands of species. The classification of
the group is difficult and has undergone many metamorphoses ;
scarcely any two textbooks or catalogs will provide classifications
that are anywhere near alike. Dalla Torre's Catalogns Hymen-
opterorum (1897) recognized a single family of 17 subfamilies.
Brues and Melander (1932) recognized 17 families, by no means
of completely the same content as Dalla Torre's 17 subfamilies.
Leclercq (1954) has recently treated the sphecoids as a single
family of 15 subfamilies, while the Synoptic Catalog (Muesebeck
et al., 1951), places them in two families, the Ampulicidae and
the Sphecidae, the latter with eight subfamilies. Still other
sources provide other classifications.

It seems unlikely that we shall arrive at a common consensus
so long as we concern ourselves with the rehashing of a limited
number of features of adult structure — many of which, inci-
dentally, involve reduction or loss of body parts, especially
tibial spurs and wing veins. A growing body of workers is
studying the comparative ethology of these wasps, a rewarding
field but one of such complexity that the ethologist must for the
present seek more sustenance from comparative morphology
than he is able to repay in valid new characters derived from
behavior. The need for new characters in this group is des-
perate, and it was for this reason that I undertook a study of
the larvae which had been collected in the course of behavior
work by myself and several other workers. I do not pretend
for a moment that larval characters have any special importance ;
they merely provide additional, but much-needed, characters.
As in the case of adult structure and behavior, larval characters
are subject to parallelisms and convergences (although these
are fewer than might be supposed, as discussed further below).

Of special interest is the fact that in several instances larval
characters show fuller concordance with behavior than with
adult structure. For example, the subfamily Sphecinae is not
any more distinctive on the basis of adult structure than are

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

227

several other groups. But there are some important differences
in nesting behavior, among which is the fact that Sphecinae
pack the nest closure with blows of the head, while other
Sphecidae use the pygidium for this purpose. Study of the
larvae reveals that the spinnerets of the Sphecinae are quite dif-
ferent from those of other Sphecidae (except Ampulicinae), and
the mandibles are unusual in lacking conspicuous lateral setae.

• Parietal band

Antenna

•Mandible

• Labrum

Golea

Spinneret

FIG. 1. Head of larva of a generalized digger wasp, Sphex ichneu-
moneus (L.) (left) as compared to that of a more advanced species,
Cerce ris fuinipcnnis Say (right).

Another example is provided by the genus Bembix, which
exhibits two quite distinct larval types, one with large galeae
terminating in numerous sensilla, the other with slender galeae
terminating in one or two sensilla. It happens that adult females
of the first group lay their egg in the empty cell glued erect to
the floor, while members of the second group lay their egg on
the prey, or in a few cases loose in the empty cell. This sharp
discontinuity in ethology and in larval structure is not paralleled
by any similar discontinuity in adult structure.

Examples such as these give us confidence in the importance
of larval characters. These cases are, however, exceptional : for

228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

the most part larval characters suggest groupings of the species
and genera which bear much resemblance to those defined on
the basis of adult structure. This fact is, of course, a source of
further confidence in the value of these characters. The points
of dissimilarity between larval and adult classifications are of
special interest, since they suggest portions of the family deserv-
ing further consideration, preferably using still other types of
characters. (Neither adult nor larval morphology has by any
means been exhausted; comparative ethology is still in its early
stages; a careful comparative study of cocoons and of pupal
structure has yet to be made; and no one has yet studied the
chromosomes or made a study of venoms or blood proteins.)
The remainder of this paper is largely devoted to an examination
of the points of incongruence between adult and larval structure
(Fig. 2).

First of all, it should be noted that the most striking discon-
tinuity in larval structure occurs not between the Ampulicidae
and the Sphecidae, but between the Ampulicinae and Sphecinae
on the one hand and all other sphecoids on the other. Since
adult structure shows no really impressive break at this point,
I hesitate to suggest that the two groups be given family status.
However, the larvae of Ampulicinae are so similar to those of
Sphecinae that, on the basis of larvae alone, one would be hard
put to justify more than tribal status for the Ampulex group.
Leclercq (1954), on the basis of adult structure and ethology,
ranked the Sphecinae and Ampulicinae as closely related sub-
families, and I am inclined to regard this arrangement as most
realistic.

Within the Sphecinae, larval characters show a discontinuity
between the Ainmophila group (concordant with adult struc-
ture) and the remainder of the complex, then a second discon-
tinuity between the Sphex group and the remainder, including
such key genera as Chlorion, Podium, and Sceliphron. Thus,
larval characters are in perfect accord with the recent reclassifi-
cation of the Sphecinae by Bohart and Menke (1963), who
propose three tribes, Ammophilini, Sphecini, and Sceliphronini,
the last group to include Chlorion, Podium, Sceliphron, and

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

229

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230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

several related genera. I have also found the cocoons of
Chlorion to be very similar to those of Sccliphron and quite
different from those of Sphc.v, from which genus Chlorion was
said until recently to be only subgenerically distinct.

The genus Mellinus has most commonly been placed in the
Nyssoninae in recent years, although some earlier authors placed
it in a subfamily or family of its own. The larvae are quite
different from those of the Nyssoninae, and the ethology of
this genus also tends to disqualify it as a nyssonine. I might
add that to include it in the Nyssoninae also forces one to
stretch that subfamily to the breaking point with respect to
adult structure. This genus undoubtedly deserves a subfamily
of its own.

Another major incongruence occurs among those groups
usually placed in the subfamilies Larrinae, Trypoxyloninae, and
Crabroninae. As a matter of fact, the larvae of these three
groups cannot be separated except by arbitrary selection of cer-
tain minor and relatively undependable characters. Several
larval characters (especially the preapical anus, lack of antennal
papillae, and mandibles of the more generalized members) tie
this group together closely, and the discontinuities which do
occur are not in close accord with those found in adult structure.
I have proposed (1964) an arrangement of the groups con-
ventionally placed in the Larrinae into four tribes, and I further
suggest that the Trypoxylonini, Crabronini, and Oxybelini be
regarded as three additional tribes of Larrinae.

This move is less rash than it may seem at first. That
Trypoxylon and its allies may be no more than a specialized
group of larrine wasps has been suspected by some workers for
a long time. In fact, both larvae and adults of the genera Pison
and Pisonopsis link Trypoxylon nicely to more typical Larrinae.
This is clearly a case in which a single feature of adult structure
(the emarginate eyes) has been grossly over-valued.

The Crabroninae are not so easily disposed of, since this is
a large group which has undergone much diversification in
structure and behavior. Nevertheless, as I pointed out in 1959,

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 231

some genera of Larrinae in the more restricted sense (e.g.,
Bothynostethus} are remarkably CYobro-like in most characters
other than wing venation. Also, the Crabro type of venation is
easily derived from that of Larrinae and is, in fact, approximated
by Trypo.vylon. Preliminary studies indicate that the male
genitalia are basically similar throughout the groups formerly
considered the subfamilies Larrinae, Trypoxyloninae, and Cra-
broninae, the volsellae not being divided into the usual digitus
and cuspis in these groups. I suggest that more harm than good
is done by making three subfamilies of this complex, especially
when these subfamilies are often catalogued at some distance
from one another. Again, I feel that this is a case where a few
adult characters (chiefly loss of wing veins) have been over-
emphasized in the past.

On the generic level, one also finds occasional lack of con-
cordance between larval and adult structure. For example, the
larvae of Clypcadon are sufficiently distinct from those of Aphi-
lanthops to suggest that full generic status is justified, and I also
feel that this is supported by ethology. Larval characters raise
questions as to whether Gorytes and Hoplisoides deserve generic
separation (again, so does ethology). But, as I pointed out
above, both larval characters and ethology suggest that Beinbiv
be split into two genera. Obviously there are places where we
must emphasize adult structure, for to split Bcinbix would mean
leaving many species of unstudied larvae and behavior unclassi-
fied. Nevertheless, the additional characters supplied by study
of the larvae must be weighed in any future studies of the
classification and evolution of these wasps. Unfortunately, the
larvae of a good many genera are still uncollected (nearly a
third of the Nearctic genera). The larvae of several striking
and enigmatic genera remain unknown (e.g., Xenosphex \Yil-
liams, Karossia Arnold). Hopefully, these studies have demon-
strated the value of larval characters to the extent that future
workers will have a great deal more material available to work
with.

232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

THE EVOLUTION OF LARVAL CHARACTERS

There exists no commonly accepted phylogenetic scheme for
the Sphecidae. Leclercq (1954) presented a dendrogram based
primarily upon adult structure, and in 1959 I presented an
arrangement based upon larvae (presented in modified form here
as Fig. 3) and attempted to rationalize the differences between
my scheme and that of Leclercq. My arrangement is based upon
the premise that primitive larval characters are those shared with
other families of wasps (especially Scolioidea) and that derived
characters are those unique within the Sphecidae or paralleling
developments in other higher wasps. Since paired spinnerets,
for example, do not occur among other aculeate Hymenoptera
but do occur in a large section of the Sphecidae, including many
groups which exhibit reductions in wing venation and speciali-
zations in behavior, it seems clear enough that paired spinnerets
are specialized. On the same basis, it seems apparent that
generalized larvae have a terminal anus, relatively large galeae,
and stout mandibles with four or five strong apical teeth (see
Fig. 1 for a comparison of some features of a generalized and
a more advanced larva).

Similar considerations lead us to believe that the acquisition
of conspicuous body setae and spinules and the acquisition of
distinct, protruding antennal papillae are specializations. This
at first seems illogical, since the most primitive hymenopterous
larvae (sawflies) have well developed antennae and various
setae and spines on the body. However, the larvae of Scolioidea
which have been described lack antennal papillae and their
integument is smooth ; this is also true of several groups of
sphecids considered primitive on most other grounds (including
the four larval characters mentioned in the preceding para-
graph). It should be remembered that the aculeates as a whole
probably evolved from a now-extinct stock of parasitic Hymen-
optera, in which the larvae were fastened to the host or actually
bathed in its body fluids. These larvae undoubtedly underwent
a great deal of simplification in structure because of their inti-
mate association with their hosts. With the evolution of nesting
behavior, the larvae were confronted with the necessity of mov-

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

233

ing about in a cell and consuming several host organisms. Such
structures as antennae and various types of tactile and ambu-
lacral spines and setae, present in their remote ancestors, the
sawflies, may once again have become useful. At one time
selected against, these structures were now selected for, and were
reacquired independently by various stocks of aculeates. An-
tennal papillae appear to have been acquired independently by
at least two stocks of Sphecidae. They also occur in the Pompi-
lidae and in the quite unrelated family Chrysididae, although
absent in most other groups of wasps.

Present

Spinneret a
transverse slit

FIG. 3. Phylogenetic tree of the subfamilies of Sphecidae as defined on

larval characters.

234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

Michener (1953), in his study of bee larvae, encountered an
almost exactly parallel situation. That is, body setae and
antennal papillae were found chiefly in groups of bees considered
specialized on the basis of most other characters. He concluded
that these structures were lost in the very early evolution of
bees and later regained. Since the bees are believed to have
arisen from sphecoid ancestors, and these in turn from scolioid
wasps, I would suggest that body setae and antennal papillae
were lost long before bees "became bees." As Michener says,
"Dollo's law" is known to have many exceptions, and in the
present instance the structures involved are so simple that
"exact reversion might occur as a result of reverse mutations."
Furthermore, an antennal papilla is not an antenna ; it merely
simulates a simple, unsegmented antenna, although arising from
the true antennal orbit.

The characters emphasized in figure 3 are those which have
proved most conservative and most in accord with other charac-
ters of larval and adult structure and ethology. Other larval
characters, often very useful in defining genera, are subject to
too much convergence to assist in defining major evolutionary
trends. One notes, for example, that many different and often
obviously unrelated genera lack spines guarding the spiracular
openings. Such spines may be present in one genus (e.g.,
Tachytes} and absent in a closely related genus (Tachysphex) .
Generally, the smaller the wasp the more likely it is to lack these
spines. Doubtless the spines function to prevent soil particles
from clogging the tracheae. With reduction in total size, the
spiracular openings themselves become small enough to keep out
particles, and the spines are lost.

One notes, too, that larvae developing in twigs may be more
cylindrical and have other characteristics of body shape different
from related forms living in the soil. But on the whole, one
finds much less convergence in larval form than might be
predicted. One might expect, for example, much variation in
mandibular structure associated with different kinds of larval
food. This is true only to a limited extent. Basically, one finds,
in generalized Sphecidae, stout mandibles with four or five apical

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 235

teeth which tend to surround a cavity. In several phyletic lines,
the mandibles tend to become more elongate, with fewer teeth,
these teeth largely in the same plane. The more primitive type
of mandibles may be employed to consume Orthoptera (Sphe.v,
Tachytes), spiders (Sceliphron, Trypoxylon], bugs (Astata,
Plcnoculus), or even flies (Crabro), with no consistent modifica-
tions. The more specialized types of mandibles are used mostly
for feeding upon holometabolous insects, but these include such
things as adult weevils and buprestid beetles (Cerceris), flies
(Bcinbi.i-, Mellimis, etc.), and ants (Tracheliodes, Aphilan-
throps}. Psen and related genera have specialized mandibles but
feed upon insects without complete metamorphosis (leaf hop-
pers). There is a striking similarity among the mandibles of
such genera as Psen (Pemphredoninae), Sticticlla (Nyssoni-
nae), and Euplilis (Larrinae-Crabronini), although each of
these genera utilizes very different larval food and each belongs
near the top of quite a different phyletic line.

Other trends include ( 1 ) lengthening of the paired spinnerets,
(2) reduction of the galeae, (3) lengthening of the antennal
papillae, (4) development of body setae, spinules, or accessory
lobes, (5) loss of parietal bands, and (6) development of lobes
and dense spinules on the maxillae and labium. In each in-
stance the more specialized conditions have been reached poly-
phyletically and differ in details in different lines. These trends
are reasonably consistent with phyletic schemes based upon
adult structure or upon behavior. For example, I experienced
no serious difficulty in superimposing data regarding mode of
prey carriage upon a phylogenetic tree based largely upon larval
characters (Evans, 1963).

SUMMARY

Comparative study of the larvae of Sphecidae has provided
a host of new characters. Some of these are subject to con-
vergence and parallel evolution and are mainly useful on the
generic level. A few appear highly conservative and prove
valuable in defining subfamilies. All are important in any at-

236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

tempt to understand the evolution of the Sphecidae and to
establish a sound and realistic classification.

Study of larvae suggests the following changes in the classi-
fication :

(1) The Sphecoidea should be considered to constitute a
single family with eight subfamilies, there being little to justify
the recognition of the Ampulicidae as a separate family.

(2) In the Sphecinae, Chlorion, Podium, ScelipJiron, and
their immediate relatives, should be placed in a tribe together
(Sceliphronini), separate from the Sphecini.

(3) The subfamily Larrinae should be conceived in a broad
sense to include the following tribes : Miscophini, Tachytini,
Larrini, Trypoxylonini, Crabronini, and Oxybelini (also Pala-
rini and probably Karossiini, which do not occur in the New
World and are not included in Fig. 2).

(4) Mellinus should be placed in a subfamily by itself.

While the last word has surely not been said on this subject,
I do feel that the study of larvae has provided a large amount
of valuable new information. Workers in all parts of the
world are urged to collect wasp larvae and to deposit them in
major museums for future reference.

REFERENCES CITED

BOHART, R. M. and A. S. MENKE. 1963. A reclassification of the
Sphecinae, with a revision of the Nearctic species of the tribes
Sceliphronini and Sphecini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Univ. Calif.
Publ. Ent. 30 : 91-182.

BRUES, C. T. and A. L. MELANDER. 1932. Classification of insects. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard 73 : 1-669.

EMDEN, F. I. VAN. 1957. The taxonomic significance of the characters of
immature insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 2 : 91-106.

EVANS, H. E. 1957. Studies on the larvae of digger wasps (Hymenop-
tera, Sphecidae). Part III: Philanthinae, Trypoxyloninae, and
Crabroninae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 83: 79-117, pis. IX-XX.

. 1958. [Same title.] Part IV: Astatinae, Larrinae, and Pemphre-

doninae. Ibid. 84: 109-139, pis. II-VIII.

. 1959a. [Same title.] Part V: Conclusion. Ibid. 85: 137-191,

pis. XVIII-XXIV.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 237

. 1959b. The larvae of the Ampulicidae (Hyraenoptera). Ent.

News 70 : 57-60.
. 1963. The evolution of prey-carrying mechanisms in wasps.

Evolution 16 : 468-483.
— . 1964. Further studies on the larvae of digger wasps (Hymen-

optera, Sphecidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 90: 235-299.
EVANS, H. E., and C. S. LIN. 1956a. Studies on the larvae of digger

wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Part I: Sphecinae. Ibid. 81:

131-153, pis. I-VIII.
and - — . 1956b. [Same title.] Part II: Nyssoninae. Ibid. 82:

35-66, pis. II-XIV.
LECLERCQ, J. 1954. Monographic systematique, phylogenetique et

zoogeographique des hymenopteres crabroniens. Liege, Lcjeunia.

367 pp.
MICHENER, C. D. 1953. Comparative morphological and systematic

studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous

larvae. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 35 : 987-1102.
MUESEBECK, C. F. W., K. V. KROMBEIN, and H. K. TOWNES. 1951.

Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico : Synoptic catalog. U. S.

Dept. Agri., Monogr. 2. 1420 pp.

Description of the Tanyderid Pupa Protanyderus
margarita Alexander from Colorado

ALLEN W. KNIGHT, University of Utah

On June 15, 1962, the author encountered a pupa, believed
to be that of the rare Tanyderid Protanyderus margarita Alex-
ander. A sketch of the pupa sent to Dr. Charles P. Alexander
elicited the response that it represented a Tanyderid, probably
Protanyderus margarita Alexander, the only Tanyderid known
to occur in Colorado. Apparently there are no accounts of the
structure and habitat of the pupa of Protanyderus. Adults of
P. margarita have been reported from British Columbia, Oregon
(N. E., Great Basin area, Idaho and Colorado (Alexander,
personal communication).

Of two pupae secured, one was found to be in the process of
shedding its last larval skin. The partially cast skin was identi-
cal with those encountered much earlier (June, 1961) and

238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

already described by Knigbt (in press) as Protanyderus mar-
garita Alexander. The second specimen was in excellent con-
dition and was used almost exclusively in its description.

The pupae were collected about two feet from the north
bank of Gunnison River near the Junction of West Elk Creek,
Gunnison County, Colorado. The river at the time was some-
what swollen and the actual site would normally be stream-side
shore area. The pupae were found on a sand and gravel sub-
strate among small stream-side growths of willow. The water
velocity in the vicinity was very low.

I thank Dr. Charles P. Alexander for his opinion on the
identity of the pupa and for his very generous supply of infor-
mation pertaining to Tanyderidae, and also Alan V. Nebeker for
his assistance and preparation of the figures. Grateful acknowl-
edgement is also made to Arden R. Gaufin, George F. Edmunds,
Delbert W. Argyle and Hugh Hogle, for their aid in the field
and in various phases of the preparation of this paper.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA

General Appearance: The pupa superficially is similar to that
of Eriocera. The female pupa (Figs. 1-4) is 10 to 11 mm long
with a greatest width of about 2 mm and a maximum thickness
of 1.9 to 2 mm.

Head: The head (Figs. 2 and 4) has two conspicuous frontal
horns or frontocornua that bear frontocornual setae which arise
about midway on the horns and extend dorsally and somewhat
beyond the tip. Three lateral epistomal processes or epistoma-
cornua project outward just ventral to the frontocornua. The
medial frontocornu appears to be borne on a protuberance and
curves slightly ventrad, tapering apically. Lateral epistomal
setae project from their basal origin on the lateral epistomal
processes (Figs. 2 and 4). The dorsal region of the head has
two pair of chalaza processes. The anterior and posterior
parietal papillae each bear a parietal seta. The preorbital setae
are borne on a slight chalaza and appear superimposed upon
the eye. The prefrontal setae are borne on slight protuberances
located medially from the preorbital setae. The genal process

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

239

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

'•\ 7 jtf

:. , . VV ::;.'•: •//.- '

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

FIGS. 1-4. Pupa of female Protunydcrits tuarintritti Alex.
1. Lateral view of pupa. 2. Lateral view of anterior region. 3. Ventral
view of the terminal abdominal structures. 4. Frontal view of head.

240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

also bears a pair of subgenal setae (Fig. 2) projecting from
behind the maxillary palpus. The antennae lie back over the
ocular areas and the tips of the maxillary palpi appear to angle
forward along their contour. The antennae continue dorso-
ventrally, passing ultimately dorsal to the forelegs. The small
process just ventral to the epistomal process is, according to
Crampton (1930), probably the mandibles. The galeae, small
protuberances on the maxillae, are not figured because they are
covered by the legs. The maxillary palpi are bent upward and
along the contour of the antennae. The labial palpi are rectangu-
lar, slightly divergent, and lie below the labrum. The tips of the
labial palpi are rounded structures immediately inside the labial
palpi sheaths.

Thorax: The pronotum is divided into an antepronotum and a
postpronotum as in Protoplasia (Crampton, ibid.}. The pro-
notal breathing horns arise just ventrad of the postpronotum and
extend forward with the tips ultimately lying on the antennae.
The forelegs are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. All of the leg-pods
lie parallel to one another with the fore pair being the shortest
and the hind pair extending furthest anteriorly.

The scutal region of the mesothorax bears two anterior and
one posterior seta on each side. The tegual region bears three
setae. The basalar lobe bears a conspicuous seta on a protuber-
ance with two small, barely discernible setae near the base of the
protuberance. The postpronotal setae just in front of the
breathing trumpet in Protoplasia were not discernible in Pro-
tanyderus (Crampton, ibid.). The venation of the wing cases
was not complete enough to show a pattern. Each prehalteral
lobe bears three bristles. The metanotum also has a pair of setae
just dorsal to the prehalteral lobes.

Abdomen: Each tergum has an anterior and a posterior
region, bearing, respectively, the anterior and posterior tergal
setae. Two anterior tergal setae are borne on small bifurcated
chalaza-like protuberances and five setae appear to arise from
the area of the origin of the bifurcation in the protuberance.
The posterior tergal setae are borne on nearly conical pro-
tuberances. The pleural region has a raised area that bears

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 241

one anterior and three posterior setae. The spiracles on seg-
ments 1-7 are on the pleurites, those on segment 8 are located
posteriorly and just dorsad of the base of the lateral process.
The sterna have a rather sparce assemblage of setae. There are
three pairs of setae posteriorly borne on papilla-like protuber-
ances which are progressively more developed posteriorly. A
pair of minute setae are present near midventrally on each
segment. The sterna of the eighth and ninth segments are
shown in Fig. 3. The lateral processes of the eighth and ninth
project prominently posteriorly and slightly laterally. The
posterior portion of the tenth segment also contains the struc-
tures referred to as cerci by Crampton (ibid.). Just anterior to
the cerci lie the papilla-like lobes, which, according to Crampton
(ibid.), lie on each side of what appears to be the location of
the genital opening of the female.

Critical examination of the female Protanyderus pupa shows
that it differs little from Protoplasm fitchii O.S., described in
articles by Crampton (ibid.) and Alexander (1930). The main
differences are that the frontal horns of Protanyderus are
slender and taper gradually, becoming nearly thorn-like, while
those of Protoplasia (Crampton, ibid.) are stouter and not as
sharply drawn out. The prefrontal setae are borne on a pro-
tuberance in Protanyderus but not in Protoplasia. The pre-
halteral lobes of Protanyderus bear three bristles as opposed to
one pair in Protoplasia. The setae borne on the postpronotum
just in front of the breathing trumpet in Protoplasia are appar-
ently absent in Protanyderus.

LITERATURE CITED

ALEXANDER, C. P. 1930. Observations of the dipterous family Tanydcri-

dae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 4 : 221-232.
CRAMPTON, G. C. 1930. Some anatomical details of the pupa of the

archaic tanyderid dipteron Protoplasia fitchii O.S. Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash. 32 : 83-98.
KNIGHT, ALLEN W. Description of the tanyderid larva Protanyderus

margarita Alexander from Colorado. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.

(In press)

242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

The Feculae ("Feces") of some Orthoptera
(sens, lat.) of Tunisia

S. K. GANGWERE AND E. MORALES AGACINO
(Continued from Page 219)

THE ANALYSIS OF FECAL MATERIALS

Groups that have been studied previously have essentially the
same food habits in Tunisia. There is one partial exception, vis.,
the Acridinae, or slant-faced grasshoppers. These, based largely
on studies of American species (Gangwere, 1961 ; Isely, 1944),
were thought to be absolutely graminivorous or almost so, except
for certain anomalous western United States genera, which are
forbivorous. Now, however, on the basis of fecal analyses in
the Tunisian acridine Ereinogryllus (which proved to eat forbs),
it seems that these western genera are not alone in their for-
bivory, but that a proportion, albeit a small one, of the genera
of slant-faces is forbivorous or predominately so. Indeed, the
apparent existence of forbivory in the Acridinae is not as sur-
prising as one might think, for the Oedipodinae (a group in
which f orb-feeding is common, though not predominant) and
the Acridinae are known to be phylogentically close and, in
places, virtually inseparable. This fact recently led Rehn and
Grant (1960) to transfer the genera of Oedipodinae to the
Acridinae, which classification is not adopted here simply be-
cause food selection is different in the two groups.

A discussion of food selection of species based on analysis of
their fecal materials is, at best, tenuous. When, as in this study,
the flora is not well-understood by the writers, and when the
feeding behavior of many of the Orthoptera in question is
largely unknown, such analyses may be misleading. Neverthe-
less, because so little is known of the food-habits of some of the
species, the authors would be remiss not to attempt tentative
description of their food selection. A brief synopsis, together
with pertinent information from the scant literature on the sub-
ject, follows:

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243

TETRIGIDAE (Grouse Locusts)

Acrydhtm brachypterum (Luc.). Microscopic analyses of the
feculae of Acrydium disclosed forbaceous materials as might have
been expected. Grouse locusts eat sprouts of "lower" plants,
as well as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous ones, and even
the decaying muck of their mesic habitations (Gangwere, 1961 ).
The existence in desert regions of these hygrophilous species, as
well as certain Mediterranean species listed below, is made pos-
sible by the oases where abundant humidity supports a rich
fauna.

ACRIDIDAE, PAMPHAGINAE

Acinipe foreli (P.-Sss.) and Tuicthis pitlchripennis (Serv.).
The genera Acinipe and Tmcthis are composed of flightless,
robust forms that live a saxicolous or deserticolous life in open
country with scant vegetation (Uvarov, 1938). Their fecal
materials were derived from leaves of woody plants (?) or forbs.

ACRIDIDAE, CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE (Spine-Breasted Grass-
hoppers)

Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.). This Mediterranean spe-
cies is found on shrubs, edges of roads, and often near water
(Chopard, 1951) ; in deserts it frequents the oases. Its feculae
were composed of both "grasses" 4 and "forbs," 5 which content
agrees with Joyce's data (1952) on E. no. r his, but not with
information he gave relative to E. ibandana. The apparent abil-
ity of E. plorans to eat both grasses and forbs is consistent with
the habits of many United States spine-breasts (Gangwere,
1961).

4 The term grass, when enclosed within quotation marks, as above, is
used loosely to refer to all grass-like plants, including members of the
Gramineae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae.

5 The term forb, when enclosed within quotation marks, as above, is
intended to apply to all forbs, or broad-leaved herbs, but may also run-
to certain woody plants, usually shrubs, the materials of which cannot
readily be separated from forbaceous ones.

244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

Pesotettix giornai (Ross.). This brachypterous insect of
wide distribution inhabits cultivated and uncultivated land,
grasslands, and woods, where it lives on herbs and low shrubs
(Chopard, 1951; Morales, 1942). The feculae of the Tunisian
individuals were composed of "forbs." These results agree
with unpublished data on this species recorded in 1962 at the
Guadarrama Mountain Estacion de Biologia of the Institute
Espanol de Entomologia (Gangwere, MS). The feeding of
P. giornai on shrub leaves was recorded in nature four times,
once on SarotJiamnus scoparius, and three times on Syringa
vulgaris. Furthermore, in three laboratory differential feeding
tests carried out at that time the leaves of various genera, includ-
ing the forbs Carduus, Lactuca, Santolina, and especially
Verbascum proved attractive ; those of the shrubs Cistus, Saro-
thainnus, and Syringa were mildly so, as were fronds of the
fern Pteris; and leaves of various grasses, sedges, a juniper, and
ground meat were rejected. Kiinstler (1864) noted the species'
propensity to damage tree plantations in Austria. Clearly, Pezo-
tctti.v must feed in nature on the leaves of the forbs and woody
plants on which it dwells.

Thisoicetrus annulosus (Walk.). Thisoicetrus, according to
Chopard (1938), is a steppe form with arbusticolous habits
similar to those of Sphingonotus (see below). Its feculae were
of "forbs," i.e., true forbs and/or shrubs, in agreement with
Joyce's findings (1952) on a related species, T. leani, which
is described as non-graminivorous, and with those of Maxwell-
Darling (1934), whose feeding tests on Thisoicetrus showed
that it feeds on various shrubs, while rejecting grasses.

ACRIDIDAE, OEDIPODINAE (Band-Winged Grasshoppers)

Acrotylus insubricus (Scop.) and A. patruelis (H.-S.).
These geophilous Mediterranean species of dry sand and some-
times dunes have feculae composed of "forbs" (A. insubricus)
or mostly "grasses" (A. patruelis). Little is known about food
selection in A. insubricus. A. patruelis was said by Key (1930)
and Nolte (1939) to eat grasses, and by Joyce (1952) to select

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 245

a number of wild herbs and cotton, as well as sorghums. Rela-
tives whose habits have been discussed include A. deustus (Key,
1930) and A. hottcntotus (Nolte, 1939), both termed gramini-
vores. As regards A. angulatiis, Chesler (1938) found that it
can be fed in the laboratory on grass, lettuce, apricot leaves, and
apples, and Nolte (1939) described it as graminivorous. It
appears that A. patrnelis and perhaps the other species of the
genus, like many American oedipodines, are capable of living
on a wide variety of forbs and grasses, though perhaps empha-
sizing the latter. At any rate, the genus does not appear to be,
as suggested by Joyce (1952), non-graminivorous.

Sphingonotus tricinctits (Walk.). The Genus Sphingonotus
includes many species of deserticolous grasshoppers. They
penetrate to the very center of the Sahara, and inhabit arid
steppes, sandy stretches, and even dune regions. In their
sparsely vegetated environment they make rapid flights of com-
paratively great distance from one tuft of plants to another
(Chopard, 1938). Feculae of only one individual were avail-
able for analysis, and disclosed a content of both "forbs" and
"grasses," typical of many oedipodines.

Thalpoinena algerlana (Luc.). This dweller of arid land and
bare rocks had a fecal content of "forbs," together with some
"grasses."

ACRIDIDAE, ACRIDINAE (Slant-Faced Grasshoppers}

Acrida turrita L. This grassland species of Mediterranean
distribution apparently feeds on the tall grasses in which it
roosts and with which it blends so well. Its series of feculae
were composed entirely of "grasses," with one exception, that
one including a minor component of "forbs" along with the
expected "grasses." The literature supports this view of com-
plete or virtually complete graminivory, which is typical of the
Acridinae. Key (1930) found A. turrita a feeder on grasses.
A relative, A. pcllucida, is also known to be graminivorous
(Joyce, 1952). Furthermore, Chapman (1952) noted that the
genus feeds only in tall grasses, never short ones, and Chesler

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

(1938) demonstrated that these slender insects can be fed
grasses in the laboratory.

Acridella nasuta (L.). On the basis of its body form, which
is typical of the highly graminivorous slant-faces, its dry grass-
land habitat, and its feculae, which were composed almost en-
tirely of ''grasses," A. nasnta must be presumed to be strongly
graminivorous. Maxwell-Darling's feeding tests (1934), in
which its relative A. procera ate the grass Panic um and rejected
various non-grasses, support such a view.

Duroniella lucasi (Bol.). The Genus Duroniella is termed
graminicolous by Uvarov (1938). These insects must also be
graminivorous, for the series of feculae of D. lucasi disclosed
a content completely or almost completely of "grass."

Erevnogryllus hammadae Kr. The graminivory typical of the
Acridinae (Gangwere, 1961; Isely, 1944), and observed in
other Tunisian genera, seems not to be true of E. hammadae,
the feculae of which were largely of "forbs." If so, this infor-
mation furnishes one of the surprises of the study. This saxi-
colous species dwells under desert and semidesert conditions
(Chopard, 1938).

Platypterna sp. Chopard (1938) noted that insects of the
Genus Platypterna are phytophilous, living in tufts of grasses,
both in sandy places and in dunes of semidesert, and flying
rapidly for short distances from one patch of grass to another.
Salfi (1931) described its typical habitat as thickets or tufts
of various grasses, near or in water, yet in semidesert or desert
situations. The feculae of the Tunisian Platypterna, composed
as they were of "grasses," with only a minor content of "forbs,"
showed the extent to which they are dependent on grasses,
apparently being graminivorous, as well as graminicolous. Such
a view is supported by Maxwell-Darling, in whose feeding tests
Platypterna spp. (1934) ate the grass Panicum and rejected
or nibbled all forbs and shrubs offered them.

ACRIDIDAE, PYRGOMORPHINAE

Pyrgomorpha cornea (Oliv.). P. conlca is widely distributed
in the Old World in arid situations. A comparatively large

IXXVJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 247

series of feculae of this interesting grasshopper were composed
entirely of "forbs." This is in agreement with information on
P. kraussi, said to be a pest of potato, tobacco, and turnips
(Golding, 1948), and with most data on P. cognata. The latter
was described as a feeder on a species, each, of Compositae and
Euphorbiaceae (Golding, 1948). Furthermore, in feeding tests
(Maxwell-Darling, 1934), this insect accepted forbs and shrubs,
and rejected grasses. Published accounts show, however, that
P. cognata may select more widely during the dry season, when,
according to Joyce (1952), it feeds on almost any green food
available, especially Acacia and Ipomoea. Normally, however,
when not suffering lack of food and water, the insect undoubt-
edly is more selective and probably avoids grasses. At any
rate, the evident forbivory in the genus is the more striking
in view of its superficial resemblance to the Acridinae, a sub-
family of strongly graminivorous habits, many of whose struc-
tural adaptations, yet not food selection, they appear to share.

MANTIDAE, AMELINAE

Aineles dumonti Chop. The praying mantis A. dumonti, an
inhabitant of uncultivated, warm, dry situations, lives on the
ground under herbs and shrubs. The females move rapidly by
short hops and runs, and the males by flight as well (Morales,
1947). Presumably the rigorous selection by the desert or
semidesert conditions under which the animals live has resulted
in their abandonment of the typical mantid behavior of patiently
awaiting prey to blunder close enough for capture, substituting
instead a behavior adapted to pursuit. Analyses of their feculae
disclosed the insect remains expected of mantids, which are
obligatory predators.

MANTIDAE, EMPUSINAE

Blepharopsis mendica (Fabr.). Chopard (1938) noted that
B. mendica penetrates the steppe regions of North Africa, where
it dwells on shrubs. Feculae of these insects, like those of
Ameles, contained only insect remains.

248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Living orthopterans belonging to eighteen species were
collected at several localities in Tunisia during spring of
1962. The insects were placed in individual containers, from
which, at a later time, they were removed and studied, along
with their feculae. The length of both the animals and their
feculae was measured, and the latter were examined to determine
their conformation, texture, color, and food content.

It was found that a positive correlation exists between the
size of the insects and their feculae ; small species egest smaller
feculae. Nymphs void smaller feculae than do their adult
counterparts. Males of a given species yield smaller feculae
than do the larger females ; in fact, their feculae are dispropor-
tionately smaller. The explanation is obscure, but may lie in
the females' comparatively lower metabolic rate.

The feculae of the Tunisian orthopterans included four types
(IA, IB, 1C, and IVA) described in Gangwere (1962), as
well as six new types and subtypes (IA', 1C', 1C", ID, IVE,
and IVE') herein described.

The food contents of the feculae were essentially those ex-
pected on the basis of earlier work in other parts of the world.
The Mantidae (2 species studied) was characterized by feculae
composed of insect materials; the Tetrigidae (1 sp.) by a con-
tent of forbs; the Pamphaginae (2 spp.) by a content of either
leaves of woody plants or forbs; the Pyrgomorphinae (1 sp.)
by forbs; the Cyrtacanthacridinae (3 spp.) by a content largely
of forbs; the Oedipodinae (4 spp.) by both forbs and grasses;
and 4 of the 5 species of Acridinae by grass materials, the diet
expected in this subfamily. The remaining acridine species,
Erenwgryllus hammadae, with a content of forbs, proved un-
usual in its food selection.

Food selection appears responsible for much of the specificity
encountered in feculae. Such fecal characteristics as size, form,
apical projections, fibrous texture, and color seem largely a con-
sequence of food selection. Twisted, comparatively small feculae
are produced on a diet of succulent forbs, whereas relatively

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 249

symmetrical, larger feculae with obvious alignment of fibers re-
sult from a grass diet. Both of these fecal types, forb and grass,
tend to be elongate. Non-elongate, irregular feculae often with
a jagged outline are produced on an insect diet. There exist
many other possible kinds, based on food selection.

Another factor involved in the production of fecal specificity
is the structure of both mouthparts and gut, and the insects'
behavior. Mouthparts determine the conformation of individual
morsels incised and masticated. Well-developed, jagged dentes
loosen small, irregular morsels, which, within the gut, do not
align with other food particles ; they produce irregular, twisted
feculae. Still other types of mouthparts (viz., those adapted for
graminivory) bite loose long, slender morsels that become
aligned within the digestive tract ; they result in elongate, often
relatively symmetrical feculae. This elongate type is correlated
with a comparatively straight alimentary canal, reduced grada-
tion in gut diameter, and weak tract armature. Only a canal
of this type can pass successfully the long, slender, fibrous
morsels that produce elongate feculae. In contrast, the non-
elongate type of feculae is characteristic of insects in which the
gut is tightly coiled or twisted, its lumen much constricted in
places, and its armature well-developed. In such a canal, small,
irregular food particles can proceed without causing obstruction ;
they become compacted together, and are extruded as non-
elongate feculae.

Before this investigation was undertaken it was assumed that
the classes of orthopteran feculae produced in one part of the
world would be encountered in other regions. The cosmopoli-
tan or, at least, wide distribution of certain groups of Orthop-
tera, whose taxa necessarily share many structural and be-
havioral characteristics, and the ubiquity of their food-plants
make this result inevitable. Similar animals eating essentially
the same foods must produce the same kinds of feculae. Con-
versely, it was also believed that additional types of feculae may
be expected when different kinds of foods are eaten, as in the
case of exotic with unique or, at least, unusual food-habits. Both
assumptions were verified during this study of some Tunician

250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1964

Orthoptera and their feculae, and can be expected to hold in
future investigations on other faunas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dr. I. J. Cantrall, Insect Division, University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, and Prof. J. L. Metcalf, Wayne State
University Department of Biology, kindly read and criticized
the manuscript of this report. Dr. A. Ruperez Cuellar, of the
Servicio Especial de Plagas Forestales, Madrid, Spain, loaned
the authors most of the photographic equipment and facilities
utilized in this study, and advised them as to their use. Miss
Pat Doherty of Detroit, typed the various revisions of the manu-
script. To these persons the authors are indebted.

LITERATURE CITED

CHAPMAN, K. 1952. Jour. Ent. Soc. S. Africa 15: 165-203.
CHESLER, J. 1938. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 87: 313-351.
CHOPARD, L. 1938. Mem. Soc. Biogeogr. 6: 219-230.
. 1951. Faune de France. 56. Orthopteroides. Paul LeChevalier,

Paris : 359 pp.

DAY, M. F. 1950. Australian Jour. Sci. Res. B, 3: 61-75.
DIRSH, V. M. 1953. Anti-Locust Bull. Anti-Locust Res. Cen. 16:

34 pp.
GANGWERE, S. K. 1959. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters 44 :

93-96.

-. 1961. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 87 : 67-230.
-. 1962. Eos 38 : 247-262.

GOLDING, F. D. 1948. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 99: 517-587.
ISELY, F. B. 1944. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 37: 47-67.
JOYCE, R. J. V. 1952. Anti-Locust Bull. Anti-Locust Res. Cen. 11:

97pp.

KEY, K. H. L. 1930. S. African Jour. Sci. 27 : 406-413.
KUNSTLER, G. A. 1864. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 769-776.
MAXWELL-DARLING, R. C. 1934. Bull. Ent. Res. 25 : 63-83.
MORALES AGACINO, E. 1942. Langostas y saltamontes. Serv. Lucha

contra Langosta, Madrid 10 : 66 pp»

-. 1947. Bol. Pat. Veg. y Ent. Agr., Madrid 15 : 131-164.
NOLTE, D. J. 1939. Jour. Ent. Soc. S. Africa 2 : 196-260.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 251

REHN, J. A. G., and H. J. GRANT, JR. 1960. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.

86: 173-185.

SALFI, M. 1931. Eos, 7: 255-347.
UVAROV, B. P. 1938. Mem. Soc. Biogeogr. 6 : 231-273.
. 1948. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 99: 1-75.

Bishop Museum Opens

Bishop Museum's new research building, Pauahi Hall,
opened 22 June to welcome more than one hundred visiting
scientists, friends of the Museum, and staff to a symposium
devoted to various aspects of entomological research. The four-
story building has over 27,500 square feet of floor space and
is expected to be completed and occupied by the Entomology
and Botany departments within the next few months. Three
floors were provided by the National Science Foundation, and
the fourth through the generous support of local individuals
and foundations and a drive coordinated by the Bishop Museum
Association. The entomology program under the direction of
Dr. J. L. Gressitt, centers upon the zoogeography, systematics,
and evolution of Pacific insects and is the most comprehensive
operation of its kind in the Pacific area. Collections under
study number more than four million specimens.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, VOL. LXX\

FIGS. 1 and 2 — Taylor.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXV DECEMBER, 1964 Xo. 10

The Metallic Gold Spots on the Pupa of the
Monarch Butterfly1 2

RONALD L. TAYLOR, 3 Department of Entomology, Fisheries,
and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.

The most attractive feature of the pupa of the Monarch
butterfly, Danaits plcxippus L., is the metallic gold spots on
the cuticle. This paper describes a brief examination into the
nature of the gold spots and their possible function.

At two hours after pupation, the spots are pigmented yellow,
but are not yet metallic. The remainder of the cuticle is a
light green, except for a band of black spots paralleling the
abdominal gold spots. (The black spots are due to a pigment
in the exocuticle.) Histological examination at this time re-
veals no difference between the yellow spots and the surround-
ing cuticle. By 24 hours after pupation the spots are distinctly
a metallic gold ; the cuticle is approximately eight times thicker

1 Paper No. 5425, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101.

2 Acnkowledgment is made for financial support from the National
Science Foundation (Grant No. GB 365).

3 Present address : Division of Biological Sciences, University of Cali-
fornia, Irvine, California 92650.

Kxi'LANATION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1. Cuticular lamellae of Monarch pupa at metallic gold spot.

FIG. 2. Cuticular lamellae of Monarch pupa at non-metallic portion
of cuticle.

Lamellae shown at an angle in the illustrations are actually parallel
to the surface of the cuticle. Note that there are approximately 4 times
as many lamellae per unit thickness at a gold spot as there are at a non-
metallic portion of the cuticle. The lamellae of non-metallic areas are
much too widely spaced to produce color by interference phenomena.

(253)

254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

than it was at two hours. Upon examination with the light
microscope, the cuticle at the gold spots now appears different
from the non-metallic cuticle. The lamellae appear more
parallel, distinct, thinner and loosely packed. Also, the reac-
tions of the gold spot cuticle are distinct with various staining
reagents. The greater portion of the non-metallic cuticle is
endocuticle, that is, blue with Mallory's triple stain and green
with Masson's trichrome stain. This same area is also weakly
alcian blue-positive and sudan black B-positive. The gold spot
cuticle, however, gives the staining reactions of mesocuticle
(red with Mallory's stain) and is alcian blue-negative and
sudan black B-negative. Both gold spot cuticle and non-gold
spot cuticle are weakly periodic acid Schiff-positive.

After most of the cuticle has been digested by the moulting
fluid and the cuticle cast, the spots still appear a metallic gold,
though the metallic appearance is considerably diminished.
After 24 hours in 3% hydrogen peroxide, the spots on the
exuvia appear colorless in both transmitted and reflected light.
After 24 hours in xylol the spots appear yellow (not gold) and
without any metallic appearance. Such data, plus the pre-
viously noted observation that the spots of a young pupa are
yellow and not metallic gold, are clear evidence for the presence
of a pigment in the cuticle of the gold spots. That the metallic
appearance, however, is due to something in addition to the
pigment is evidenced as follows.

With fine forceps several layers of lamellae can be peeled
free of the inner surface of the cuticle. Such layers are highly
iridescent only in the area of the gold spot. After as many
lamellae as possible have been peeled free from the inner surface
of the cuticle, the gold spot still appears a metallic gold, but is
now more highly iridescent. That is, colors of yellow, gold,
green and violet are reflected as the angle of incidence of the
light is changed ; gold is the predominant color reflected.

The gold spots of exuviae which have been soaked in phenol
and then rinsed in water exhibit a red iridescence at one stage
during the drying of the cuticle. On further drying the red
iridescence disappears. The spots on a pupa preserved in 75 %

Ixxvj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 255

ethanol appear strongly iridescent, changing color with the
angle of light incidence through green, gold, and red ; the latter
color predominating. On drying, the color changes back to
gold. Under the stereoscopic microscope the metallic appear-
ance can clearly be seen to arise beneath the surface of the
cuticle. Observations as described above support the existence
of multiple thin films. Such evidence is corroborated by electron
microscopical examination. The appearance of the lamellae in
the region of the gold spots contrasts distinctly with their ap-
pearance in the surrounding non-metallic cuticle (Figs. 1 and
2). Measurements give the distance from one reflecting surface
to the next as approximately 200 niju. Making allowance for
the refractive index of cuticle (1.5-1.6) this is approximately
the correct thickness for the reinforcement of yellow light.
However, measurements may be complicated by shrinkage as has
been shown to be the case for butterfly scales (Anderson and
Richards, 1942). All one can safely conclude is that the planes
are of the correct order of thickness for producing interference
colors in the gold spot areas but much too thick for such in
other areas. [A simple explanation of the optical phenomena
involved in the production of iridescent interference colors is
given by Richards, 1951.]

It appears then that both a yellow pigment and reflection
from multiple thin films (lamellae) are responsible for the
metallic gold spots on the Monarch pupa.

Urquhart (1960) suggests that the gold spots may act as
light receptors that delay emergence of the adult butterfly dur-
ing periods of adverse weather conditions. To test this hy-
pothesis, the gold spots of newly emerged pupae were blocked
from light insolation of any sort by a variety of means. All of
the gold spots from one pupa were cut off (in some areas going
clear through the epidermis) and then the pupa was dipped in
paraffin. In a second case, a pupa was simply dipped in
paraffin. In both the above cases the paraffin blocking the
spiracles was removed. In two specimens, all of the spots were
painted black, and a final specimen was untouched but placed
in total darkness for the duration of the pupal period. In all

256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

cases normal adults emerged from the pupae at the expected
time. Considering these observations, and the apparent lack
of any innervation in the gold spots, it would appear that the
gold spots do not function as light receptors playing a role in
the timing of adult emergence. It is difficult to believe that
the spots are functionless or purely ornamental, and it is sug-
gested that they possibly function in warning coloration, though
this is a debatable point.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, T. F., and A. G. RICHARDS. 1942. An electron microscope
study of some structural colors in insects. J. Appl. Physics 13 :
74&-7S8.

RICHARDS, A. G. 1951. The Integument of Arthropods. University of
Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 411 pp.

URQUHART, F. A. 1960. The Monarch Butterfly. University of To-
ronto Press, Ontario. 361 pp.

A New Species of Mallophaga from the Mikado

Pheasant

By K. C. EMERSON, Stillwater, Oklahoma and C. J.

STOJANOVICH, Communicable Disease Center,

Atlanta, Georgia

A collection of Mallophaga taken on Formosa, by personnel
of the Parasitology Department of the U. S. Naval Medical
Research Unit No. 2, Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa), under the
direction of Dr. Robert E. Kuntz, Captain, MSC, USN, during
the period 1957-1962,* included specimens representing a new
species. That species is herewith described and illustrated.

Goniodes sinensis, new species

Holotypc male. External morphology and chaetotaxy as
shown in Fig. 2. Genitalia as shown in Fig. 3. Total length,
2.76 mm.

* This work was supported in part by funding under Public La\v 480,
Section 104 (c).

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

257

Allotypc female. External morphology and chaetotaxy as
shown in Fig. 1. Total length, 3.49 mm.

Discussion. This species belongs in "Species Group J" as
denned by Clay, and is closest to G. linniiac Clay, 1940. Minor

FIGS. 1-3. Goniodcs sincnsis, new species. 1. Dorsal-ventral view uf

female. 2. Dorsal-ventral view of male. 3. Male genitalia.

FIG. 4. Goniodcs humiac Clay, 1940. Male genitalia.

258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

differences in chaetotaxy between the two species is not sig-
nificant except for that on the terminal abdominal segment of
the female. The vulva, in both species, has concentrations of
medium-length setae on the lateral margins. Posterior to the
lateral margins of the vulva are small patches of setae; which
are small and medium-length setae and dense in G. humiac,
while in G. sincnsis they are small setae and not numerous.
Major differences in the males of the two species are contained
in the genitalia, which may be seen by comparing Figs. 3 and 4.

The male of G. sincnsis is only slightly larger than for G.
huniiae ; however, the female is considerably larger. Total
lengths for females of G. lunniac, given by Clay, are 2.84 to 3.18
mm.

Type host: Synnaticits mikado (Ogilvie-Grant).

Type material : Holotype male, allotype female and twenty-
two paratypes collected on 1 February 1962; thirty-eight para-
types collected on 31 October 1961 ; and twenty-six collected on
16 February 1962 off the type host on FORMOSA. Holotype,
allotype and paratypes have been deposited in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, and paratypes have been distributed to other
major Mallophaga Collections.

REFERENCE

CLAY, T. 1940. Genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Galli-
naceous hosts — Part II. Goniodes. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Series
B, 110: 1-120.

I.XXV] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

The Collembola of New Mexico. XIII.
Sminthurinae : Sminthurini lf 2

HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 3

None of the 9 species reported herein has been recorded pre-
viously from New Mexico. Specimens will be deposited with
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Subfamily SMINTHURINAE Borner, 1906
KEY TO THE GENERA OF NEARCTIC SMINTHURINAE

1. Tenent hairs 0-1. Tribe SMINTHURINI 2

Tenent hairs 2 or more. Tribe BOURLETIELLINI

Bourletiella Hanks. 1899

2. Ant IV subsegmented 3

Ant IV not subsegmented Neosminthurus Mills, 1934

3. Ant III with some long strong setae

Sminthurus Latreille, 1802

Ant III without long strong setae 4

4. Claw tunicate Sphyrotheca Borner, 1906

Claw not tunicate . . Pararrhopalites Bonet and Tellez, 1947

Tribe SMINTHURINI Borner, 1913

Genus NEOSMINTHURUS Mills, 1934

KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC NEOSMINTHURUS

1. With clavate bristles on abdominal dorsum

clavatus (Banks, 1897)

With truncate bristles on abdominal dorsum 2

Without bristles on abdominal dorsum

sminthurinus Mills. 1''34

2. Tenent hairs absent 3

Tenent hairs present

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of tin-
University of New Mexico in partial fulfillment of the requimnrnts t<>r
the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

2 Part XII, ENT. NEWS 75(2) : 47-53.

3 Senior Scientist, Training Branch, Communicable Di»ra-r ( rutcr.
Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia.

260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

3. Manubrium longer than dens purpureus sp. nov.

Manubrium shorter than dens . . .curvisetis (Guthrie, 1903)

4. Eyespots yellow longisetis (Guthrie, 1903)

Eyespots black occidentalis Mills, 1935

Neosminthurus sminthurinus Mills, 1934

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of acorn hulls, 7,400
ft, Bernalillo Co., Jul 1951.
DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M.

Neosminthurus purpureus sp. nov. Fig. 1

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype plus 4 paratypes, N slope, Tejano
Canyon, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., NEW MEXICO, from
Berlese sample of fir litter, 8,300 ft, Sep 1951. Type specimens
will he deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania.

DESCRIPTION. Body segments essentially fused, but seg-
mentation indicated ; integument smooth ; purple to black ;
clothed by truncate bristles ; bothriothricha absent ; head hypog-
nathous; antenna to head as 11:10; antennal segments as
1:2:3:5; Ant III without long strong setae or pegs; eyes 8 and
8, on dark eye patches ; mouthparts chewing ; tibiotarsus without
distal subsegment ; claws tunicate ; unguiculus subequal to unguis ;
tenent hairs absent; unguis with 1 tooth; unguiculus without
teeth; abdominal papilla absent; Abd V and VI not fused;
furcula without ankylosis, reaching collophore; manubrium to
dens to mucro as 4:3:1; dental spines absent ; dentes not
crenulate dorsally ; mucro nonlamellate ; anus terminal ; length
0.9 mm.

DISCUSSION. This species is distinguished from other species
of NeosJiiintJnirus by the following combination of characters:
(1) color; (2) dentition of the unguis; (3) absence of tenent
hairs; (4) ratio of antennal segments; and (5) ratio of manu-
brium to dens.

DISTRIBURION. N. M.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 261

Genus SMINTHURUS Latreille, 1802
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC SMINTHURUS

NOTE: Not included in key are S. mammouthius Banks, 1897, or
5. trilineatus Banks, 1903.

1. Tenent hairs present sylvestris Banks, 1899

Tenent hairs absent 2

2. Both edges of mucro smooth 3

At least one edge of mucro serrate 5

3. Unguis with paronychia .4

Unguis without paronychia facialis Banks, 1903

4. Subanal appendage pointed . .adirondackus Maynard. 1951
Subanal appendage not pointed . .viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)

5. One edge of mucro serrate 6

Both edges of mucro serrate 12

6. Great abdomen with high dorsal protuberance

floridanus (MacGillivray. 1893)

Great abdomen without dorsal protuberance 7

FIG. 1. Neostninthurus />»r/>»'v«.v M>. nov.

262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

7. Unguis with paronychia 8

Unguis without paronychia

S. dorsalis Banks, 1899 and longicornis Schott, 1896

8. With mucronal seta 9

Without mucronal seta medialis Mills, 1934

9. Ground color of body yellowish dorsally 10

Ground color of body light bluish dorsally 11

Ground color of body dark brown to bluish-black dorsally . .
fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758)

10. With dorsal black spots packardi (Folsom, 1896)

Without dorsal black spots fitchi (Folsom, 1896)

11. Unguis with 1 inner tooth virginidari Wray, 1948

Unguis with 2 inner teeth yonahlosee Wray, 1948

12. With mucronal seta 14

Without mucronal seta 13

13. Dark purple to black with white spots

quadripunctatus Edinger, 1937

Reddish with black and white markings . .eiseni Schott, 1891

14. Subanal appendage simple 15

Subanal appendage fringed

purpurescens (MacGillivray, 1894)

15. Deep purple to black obscurus Mills, 1934

Greenish-purple to bluish-brown to orange-brown

argenteornatus (Banks, 1899)

Sminthurus argenteornatus Banks, 1899

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of fir litter, 8,300 ft,
Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., Sep 1951.
DISTRIBUTION. Md., N. M., N. Y.

Sminthurus dorsalis Banks, 1899

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Four collections sweeping grasses ;
7,800 to 10,000 ft; Bernalillo, Sandoval, San Miguel, and
Valencia Co. ; Jul-Sep 1951-53.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.
Sminthurus fitchi Folsom, 1896

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Two collections sweeping grasses
and herbs ; 7,400 and 7,900 ft ; San Miguel and Torrance Co. ;
Jul 1952 and Aug 1953.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 263

DISTRIBUTION. Del., Md., Mass., X. J., N. M., N. Y., X. C,
Penna.

Sminthurus fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758)

NE\V MEXICO RECORD. Beneath bark of yellow pine stump,
7,600 ft, Gallinas Mts., Lincoln Co., Jul 1951.'
DISTRIBUTION. Minn., N. M. ; Europe.

Sminthurus obscurus Mills, 1934

XEW MEXICO RECORDS. Sweeping spruces, sifting aspen lit-
ter, from under bark of fir log, and 2 Berlese samples (grass
clumps, fir litter) ; 8,300 to 9,200 ft ; Bernalillo, Sandoval, Santa
Fe, and Socorro Co. ; Jul-Sep 1951-54.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M.

Genus SPHYROTHECA Borner, 1906
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC SPHYROTHECA
NOTE : S. aleta Wray, 1953, is reported from Puerto Rico

1. Eyes 1 and 1 binoculata sp. nov.

Eyes 8 and 8 minnesotenis (Guthrie, 1903)

Sphyrotheca binoculata sp. nov. Fig. 2

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype plus 9 paratypes, along N. M.
Route 85, 19 mi. E of Santa Fe, Santa Fe Co., NEW MEXICO,
from Berlese sample of Gambel oak litter, 7,200 ft, Jul 1953.
Type specimens will be deposited with the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

DESCRIPTION. Segments essentially fused ; integument
minutely roughened ; yellow with reticulations of purple ; clothed
by sparse short to medium setae ; head hypognathous ; antenna to
head as 8:5; antennal segments as 3:6:10:10; Ant III without
long strong setae ; Ant IV not clearly annulate, but with 1 1
whorls of setae; eyes 1 and 1, on black eyepatches ; thoracic
segmentation not indicated; claw tunicate; unguiculus to unguis
as 3:5; tenent hairs absent; unguis with 1 tooth; unguiculu^

264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

untoothed ; Abd V and VI not fused ; abdominal papilla present ;
furcula not ankylosed ; manubrium to dens to mucro as
28:25:19; mucro non-lamellate; anus terminal; length 0.5 mm.
DISCUSSION. All previously known Sphyrotheca have eyes 8
and 8 except S. bernardi Deboutteville, 1953, from Algeria
which has eyes 2 and 2. Thus 5\ binoculata is distinguished by
its eye number.

FIG. 2. Sphyrotheca binoculata sp. nov.

Genus PARARRHOPALITES Bonet and Tellez, 1947
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC PARARRHOPALITES

1. Eyes absent (Nuevo Leon, Mexico)

anops Bonet and Tellez, 1947

Eyes 2 and 2 (Guerrero, Mexico)

oculatus Bonet and Tellez, 1947

Eyes 8 and 8 (New Mexico) neovnexicanus sp. nov.

Pararrhopalites neomexicanus sp. nov. Fig. 3

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype plus 12 paratypes, near Tres
Ritos, Taos Co., NEW MEXICO, sweeping grasses in yellow pine-
spruce-fir area, 8,500 ft, Jul 1953. Type specimens will be
deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

Ixxvj

ENTOMOLOGICAL NK\VS

265

DESCRIPTION. Segments essentially fused ; yellow with
brownish-yellow antennae ; integument smooth ; clothed with
long setae ; bothriotricha present ; head hypognathous ; antenna
to head as 2:1 ; antennal segments as 2:4:5:22; Ant III without
long strong setae; Ant IV with 21 subsegments; eyes 8 and 8
on dark eyepatches ; thoracic segmentation not indicated ; claws
not tunicate ; unguiculus to unguis as 4:5; tenent hairs absent ;
unguis and unguiculus each with 1 tooth ; furcula not ankylosed,
reaching collophore ; manubrium to dens to mucro as 3:7:2;
mucro with 7 teeth on outer edge, non-lamellate ; anus terminal ;
length 1.2 mm.

FIG. 3. Pararrhopalites neomexicanus sp. nov.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Type collection plus sweeping gra-.- ;
8,400 ft ; San Miguel Co. ; Aug 1953.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M.

DISCUSSION. The number of eyes clearly distinguishes /'.
neomexicanus sp. nov. from all other Pararrhopalites.

266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

SUMMARY

Two species of Ncosininthiiriis, 5 of Sminthurus, 1 of Sphyro-
theca, and 1 of Pararrhopalitcs are recorded for the first time
from New Mexico. Neosminthurus piirpureus, Sphyrotheca
binoculata and Pararrhopalitcs neomexicanus are described as
new. Keys are presented to genera of Nearctic Sminthurinae,
and to Nearctic species of the four genera discussed.

A New Species of Sphecomyia (Diptera:
Syrphidae.) from California *

KENNETH E. WEISMAN, Department of Biological Sciences,
Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois

The discovery of a new species of Sphecomyia has resulted
from a revisionary study of the genus which is to be published
at a later date.

The new species differs most sharply from the known mem-
bers of the genus and from nasica Osburn, which it closely re-
sembles, in the absence of pollinose crossbands on the third and
fourth tergite and the absence of pollinose areas on the fourth
sternite ; the pollinose areas of the body being decisively grayish
rather than yellow.

Sphecomyia fusca, new species

Length: 9 mm-12 mm.

Male. Face grayish pollinose, with a small medial, shining
black, triangle which has its base confluent with the epistome
and its apex reaching to about the basal -J of the face. In pro-
file the face is strongly concave below the antennal prominence,
then convex medially, below which it is slightly receding to
the epistome. An oblique narrow band of long pile, grayish
in color, extends from the lateral apex of the antennal promi-

* With partial support of the Research Council of Western Illinois
University.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 267

nence to about the middle of the anterior margin of the eyes
and is continuous with the eye margin to about the ventral
margin of the eyes. Cheeks shining black. Dorsal surface of
the antennal prominence to the lateral ^ of the prominence i-
shining black. Ocellar triangle with long darkish sparse pile.
Postocular area grayish pollinose with concolorous pile, long
and dense ventrally becoming progressively sparser and shorter
dorsally. Antennae black; length of segments 1:1:1-?,-; with
the third segment orbicular. Arista dark brown to black, and
^ longer than the combined antennal segments.

Thorax shining black; the dorsum covered with light to
medium dark pile ; humeri grayish pollinose, area internal to
humeri concolorous with humeri. Posterior i of the meso-
pleuron and the posterior apical area of the sternopleuron light
gray pollinose with long gray pile ; anterior apical area of the
pteropleuron with like colored pile. Dorsum of scutellum con-
colorous with the thorax and with similar colored pile, which
is longer and denser on the posterior border; margin of under-
surface with short sparse light colored pile.

Coxae black, with the hind coxae having the outer surface
gray pollinose. Femora black, except for a narrow yellow apex.
Tibiae yellow to about the basal ^ then dark brown to black.
Basitarsi dark yellow with the remaining segments progres-
sively darker.

Wings slightly tinted with smoky brown, the veins brown.
Middle cross-vein angled gently downward at basal i. Absence
of microtrichia as follows : first basal cell adjacent to radial
vein and continuing to the fork; third basal cell with a narrow
area adjacent to and confluent with the first anal vein ; axillary
cell with a narrow area confluent with the vestige of the third
anal vein.

Abdomen shining black, appearing highly polished ; the ter-
gites, and to a much lesser degree the sternites, covered with
moderately dense short grayish pile ; the pollinose areas being
grayish. Second tergite with the anterior -?,- of the lateral
borders with long gray pile. First tergite with an indistinct,
sometimes widely interrupted, pollinose band; second tcr-itr

268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

with a widely interrupted pollinose crossband which has the
outer ends distinctly wider ; some individuals exhibiting a very
faint pair of light pollinose areas which are lateral to the mid-
line on the third tergite ; fourth tergite shining black. Second
and third sternites of most individuals each exhibit a pair of
pollinose areas which are widely separated.

Genital system having the claspers rather elongated, curved
upward, and produced into a hook-like process at the apical ^
which is directed caudo-ventrally. Dorsal surface of the
claspers with pile on the medial f which is longer towards the
base ; the ventral surface presents minute spines on the apical
§ ; the base with a small keel-like evagination laterally. Penis
sheath with an open area, internal to and continuous with the
superior lobes, which appears 'broken' on its cephalad border.
Axial system with a keeled and sclerotized sustentacular apo-
deme. Chitinous box without a dorsally projecting horn, but
with two tubercles. Horn of ejaculatory hood pointed on the
apico-cephalad border.

Female. Similar to male except for a shining medial facial
stripe reaching almost to the apex of the antennal prominence,
in profile the middle has a moderately conspicuous tubercle ;
front with a distinct medial longitudinal depression ; abdomen
always wider.

Distribution : Sierra and Nevada Counties, California.

Deposition : University of California at Davis.

Males. Holotype : CALIFORNIA ; Sierra Co., Gold Lake, July
8, 1954 (Blaylock). Paratypes : CALIFORNIA; Sierra Co., Gold
Lake, July 8, 1954, 5 individuals (Bohart).

Females. Allotype : CALIFORNIA; Nevada Co., near Hobart
Mills, June 23, 1962 (Parker). Paratypes: CALIFORNIA; Ne-
vada Co., Sagehen Creek near Hobart Mills, June 18, 1963,
3 individuals (Irwin).

LITERATURE CITED

OSBURN, R. C. 1908. British Columbia Syrphidae, new species and
additions to the list. Can. Ent. 40 (1) : 13-14.

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 26°-

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading \ve present, from time to time, notes, news and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will be
acknowledged when used.

The Lyman Entomological Museum was begun in 1914
under the will of the late Henry H. Lyman. For 47 years the
collections were housed at the Peter Redpath Museum, on the
Montreal campus of McGill University, under the curatorship
of Mr. A. F. Winn, 1914-1931, and Mr. G. A. Moore, 1931-
1961. In 1961, the collections were moved to Macdonald College
of the University, at Ste Anne de Bellevue, some 25 miles west
of Montreal. The collection is now growing rapidly and, in
Canada, is second only to the National Collection in Ottawa.
The associated library is extensive and contains many old and
rare books. Donations and exchanges would be welcomed.

The Museum celebrates its 50th Anniversary on December
22, 1964, and will assist in a joint meeting of Canadian entomo-
logical societies at the annual meeting of the A.A.A.S. in
Montreal. A Lyman Museum commemorative number of "The
Canadian Entomologist" will appear in December, 1964.
Chairman, Lyman Bequest Committee: DR. D. K. McE. KEVAN,

Dept. of Entomology, Macdonald College, P. Q., Canada.
Secretary and Curator: DR. V. R. VICKERY, Lyman Entomo-
logical Museum, Macdonald College, P. Q., Canada.

A note from Frankfurt, Germany. In the June 1964 issue
of Entomological News, C. A. Hubbard described a new in-
sect, CtenopJithalmus grzimck, in honor of Michael Grzimek, a
young German naturalist who lost his life in a plane crash in
the Xgorongoro Crater of Tanganyika. A memorial to young
Grzimek is the Michael Grzimek Memorial Laboratory located
at Banagi, 100 miles north of Ngorongoro Crater, a tract of sand
and grass where there is no water, gasoline, or help. Dr. Hub-
bard had suggested that investigators might find it easier to reach
Banagi from the west via Lake Victoria.

In response to Hubbard's paper and reprints and paratype
sent to Dr. Bernhard Grzimek, father of Michael and director
of the Frankfurt Zoo, the senior Grzimek writes that during tin-
year Hubbard has been absent from Tanganyika the road intu
Banagi from Ngorongoro has been greatly improved; also that
the second paratype of Ctenophthalmus yrzimck has been dr-
posited in Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, and that during
December, 1964, and January, l()(o. "we have a meeting [in
Banagi] of Prof. Lorenz, Prof. Tinbergen, Oxford, and otlu-r^.
because we want to build up still more the research station in
Banagi."

Entomologist's Market Place

ADVERTISEMENTS AND EXCHANGES

Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per
line, payable in advance to the editor.

Notices of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free

to subscribers.

All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are
added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at
the top are discontinued.

Acanthomyops (Citronella ants) wanted for revisionary study. Will
sort from yellow Lasius. M. W. Wing, State University College, Cort-
land, N. Y.

Carabidae of the genus Ceroglossus wanted for revisional study. Will
purchase, loan, or exchange Coleoptera. Carl Farr Moxey, 414 Woodland
Ave., Wayne, Pennsylvania.

Syrphidae. Exchange or purchase. Will collect any order or family in
the New England area. F. C. Thompson, Dept. Entomology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

Membracidae wanted. Purchase or exchange. T. L. Stringfellow,
Military Reservation, Box 11-A, Hudson, Massachusetts.

Buprestidae, Scarabaeidae, and butterflies wanted in exchanges for
beetles and butterflies. Mr. W. van der Starre, 25 Crawley St., Warr-
nambool, Victoria, Australia.

Butterflies of the World wanted in exchange for those of my locality.
Louis Clarke, 10435 Georgetown Drive, Rancho Cordova, California
95670.

Research Assistant in Butterflies wanted at Carnegie Museum for
1965-66 ; $2400 plus partial tuition in Graduate School, Univ. Pittsburgh
where he must be accepted as a Ph.D. candidate. Send personal data to
Dr. Richard M. Fox, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213, except
between Mar. 1 and Dec. 1 when data should be sent to Dr. Fox at
British Museum (N.H.), Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England.

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXV

(* Indicates new genera, names, etc.)

ABDULLAH, M. Mastoremus idahoensis, a new species of
Pedilinae (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) from southern Idaho 221

ALEXANDER, C. P. New exotic crane-flies (Tipulidae:

Diptera) . Part VIII 15

Idem Part IX 57

ALEXANDER, G. (See under Halliburton, \V. H.)

ATWOOD, C. E. (See under G. Knerer)

BAKER, E. W. Vidia cooremani, a new species of Sapro-
glyphidae from a crabronine wasp (Acarina) 43

BLICKLE, R. L. Hydroptylidae (Trichoptera) of Maine . . 159

BRADLEY, J. C. Further notes on the American taxa of
Campsomeris (Hymenoptera : Scoliidae) 101

BROWN, F. M. The W. H. Edwards types of Hesperiidae

lost on the "S. S. Pomerania" in 1878 24

Review: A synonymic list of the Nearctic Rhopalocera . 138

BROWN, W. L., JR. Solution of the problem of Tetra-

morium lucayanum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 130

Some tramp ants of Old World origin collected in
tropical Brazil 14

BURKS, B. D. A North American Phlebopenes (Hymenop-
tera : Eupelmidae)

CHAMBERLIN, R. V. A new American genus in the chil<>-
pod family Himantariidae 66

CHEMSAK, J. A. A new species of Mexican Ancylocera
with records of others (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae ) .... 108

COPPEL, H. C., and P. A. JONES A note on Hemyda
aurata R. D. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a para>iu- «»f
Podisus maculiventris (Say) (HemipU-ra: IVnta-
tomidae) ' ' ' 1

i 271)

272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

CRAYBILL, R. E., JR. A preliminary review of Maoriella,
with description of a new species from the Chatham
Islands. (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Chilenophilidae) 85
On the true nature of Schizotaenia, with notes on contin-
gent matters (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Chileno-
philidae) 33

CRUDEN, R. W. Notes on Brechmorhoga mendax
(Hagen) : Odonata 79

DENNIS, C. J. Further notes about treehoppers at light
traps (Homoptera : Membracidae) 167

EMERSON, K. C. A new species of Mallophaga from the
Black-billed Cuckoo 69

EMERSON, K. C. and C. J. STOJANOVICH A new species of
Mallophaga from the Mikado pheasant 256

EVANS, H. E. The classification and evolution of digger
wasps as suggested by larval characters (Hymenoptera:
Sphecoidea) 225

FLINT, O. S., JR. New species and new state records of
Sialis (Neuroptera : Sialidae) 9

FROST, S. W. Killing agents and containers for use with
insect light traps 163

GANGWERE, S. K., and E. MORALES AGACINO The feculae
("feces") of some Orthoptera (sens lat.) of Tunisia . . . 209

GRANT, H. J., JR. A new phaneropterine genus from South

America (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae) 29

Review : Introduction to comparative entomology 82

HALLIBURTON, W. H., and G. ALEXANDER Effect of pho-
toperiod on molting of Chortophaga viridifasciata (De-
Geer) (Orthoptera : Acrididae) 133

HANSON, F. E. Review: Experimental biology: Measure-
ment and analysis 195

HEPBURN, H. R., and G. N. Ross Collembola from
Mexico 219

HEPBURN, H. R., and J. P. WOODRING A new species of
Folsomides (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Louisi-
ana 71

Ixxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 273

HEWITT, G. B. A new distributional record from Idaho
for Poecilotettix sanguineus Scudder. (Orthoptera) .... 54

HOCK, W. K., and R. SNETSINGER Distribution of the bag-
worm in Pennsylvania 97

HUBBARD, C. A. A flea named for Michael Grzimek 155

JONES, P. A. (See under Copple, H. C.)

KIM, K. C. A note on the synonyms of Anaphothrips
zeae Moulton (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) 128

KNERER, G. and C. E. ATWOOD Description of the male of
Dialictus novascotiae Mitchell and of the female of D.
sandhousae (Michener) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) ... 5

KNIGHT, A. W. Description of the tanyderid pupa Pro-
tanyderus margarita Alexander from Colorado 237

KRAMER, J. P. A review of neotropical Nirvaninae
(Homoptera : Cicadellidae) 113

LAMMERS, G. W. Biological notes on the leaf beetle Aca-
lymma gouldi (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) 187

MARSHALL, BYRON C. Insect predation by Conocephalus
fasciatus (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae) 204

MARSHALL, J. D. A note on the beetle Knausia crassi-
cornis Fall (Heteromera, Alleculidae) 137

MEDLAR, J. T. A note on Auplopus spinola in trap-nests

in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) 189

A note on Rygchium leucomelas (Saussure) in trap-nests

in Wisconsin (Hym. : Vespidae) 26

MENKE, A. S. Miscellaneous notes on Ammophila (Hy-
menoptera : Sphecidae) 149

MORALES AGACINO, E. (See under Gangwere, S. K.) ... 209

PRICE, R. D. A new species of Kuroclaia (Mallophaga:
Menoponidae), with additional notes on the genus .... 145

ROBACK, S. S. A new Pelopia from Mexico (Diptera:

Tendipedidae) 141

New record of Coelotanypus cletis Roback (Diptera:
Tendipedidae) 186

Ross, G. N. (See under Hepburn, H. R.)

Ross, H. H. New species of winter stoneflies of the genus
Allocapnia (Plecoptera, Capniidae) 1(>IJ

274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1964

SABROSKY, C. W. Additions and corrections to the World
list of type species of Chloropidae (Diptera) 177

SCHMIEDER, R. G. Review: An introduction to the study
of insects 223

SCOTT, H. G. The Collembola of New Mexico.

XII. Neelinae and Sminthuridinae 47

XIII. Sminthurinae : Sminthurini 259

SCULLEN, H. A. A new subspecies of Cerceris robertsoni

Fox from the Southeast (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) .. 144
The male of Eucerceris sinuata Scullen (Hymenoptera:

Sphecidae) 205

SHINN, A. F. The bee genus Xenopanurgus (Hymen-
optera : Andrenidae) 73

SNETSINGER, R. (See under Hock, W. K.)
STOJANOVICH, C. J. (See under Emerson, K. C.)
TAYLOR, R. L. The metallic gold spots on the pupa of the

monarch butterfly 253

VARSHNEY, R. K. J. C. Chamberlin (1892-1962) 55

WEBER, N. A. Termite prey of some African ants 197

WEISMAN, K. E. A new species of Sphecomyia (Diptera:

Syrphidae) from California 266

WOODRING, J. P. (See under Hepburn, H. R.)

ZIRKLE, C. Review : The process of evolution 110

GENERAL SUBJECTS Photoperiod effect on molting

in Chortophaga 133

Bagworm m Pennsylvania .... Termjte prey of African ants ig?

Biology of Acalymma (Col.) . 187 Typeg logt Qn ,g g pomer_

Bishop Museum opens 2sl • „ ~.

Classification of digger wasps 225
Conocephalus as a predator . . 204

Evolution of sphecoid larvae . 225 OBITUARIES

Feculae of Orthoptera 209 Chamberlin, J. C 55

Gold spots on monarch pupa . 253

Light traps 163, 167 PERSONALS
Lyman entomological Museum 269

Nests of Auplopus 189 Gressitt, J. L 251

Nomenclature Notices 166 Grzimek, B 269

Orthoptera, feculae of 209 Vickery, V. R 269

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

275

REVIEWS

Borror and DeLong : An intro-
duction to the study of in-
sects 223

dos Passes : A synonymic list
of the nearctic Rhopalocera 138

Ehrlich and Holm : The process
of Evolution 110

Emerson : Checklist of the
Mallophaga of North Amer-
ica 223

Fox : Introduction to compara-
tive entomology 82

Journal of Medical Entomol-
ogy 55

Kay : Experimental biology :
Measurement and analysis . . 195

Patton : Introductory insect
physiology 194

Richards, O. W. : The social
insects 223

Stone : Simuliidae and Thau-
maleidae 194

GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

Arkansas: Neurop. 12, 13;

Plecop 170, 172

Brazil: Homop. 119; Hym. .. 14

California : Dipt 266

Colombia : Homop 120

Connecticut : Neurop 13

District of Columbia : Neurop. 12
Florida : Malloph. 69 ; Hym. 4, 144

Formosa : Malloph 256

Georgia : Neurop 13

Honduras: Homop 115

Idaho : Col. 221 ; Orth 54

India: Dipt 16-24, 57

Louisiana : Collem 71

Maine: Trich. 15''

Maryland : Acar. 47 ; Neurop.

13; Plecop 171

Mexico: Chilop. 68; Col. 109;

Collem. 219; Dipt. 141;

Malloph 145

Michigan : ( Neurop.) 10

Xe\v Mexico: Collem 51, 259

New Zealand: Chilop 93

North Carolina: Plecop. . 174, 176

Pakistan : Dipt 20

Panama : Homop 116

Pennsylvania : Lep 97

Tanganyika : Siph 156

Tennessee : Plecop 170, 174

Virginia : Neurop. 12, 13 ;

Plecop 171

COLEOPTERA

crassiconiis, Knaiisia 137

cribicollis, Ancyloccra 109

i/onldi, Acalyinuia, biology of 187

idahocnsis,* Mastorcmus .... 231

macrotela, Ancyloccra 110

parkcri* Ancyloccra 108

DIPTERA

adicia* Limnophila 62

apicifnsca* Lininophila 19

aurata, Hcinyda on Podisns .. 191

hiculoripes* Limnophila 63

carbo sikkimoisis* Elcphanto-

inyia 65

catcmaco* Pclopia 141

Chloropidae, additions and cor-
rections to world list 177

cli'tis, Coclotanypus 186

coracinnin* Limnophila 15

jiisca* Sphccomyia 266

iota* Limnophila 61

iiuiri/iirita, Protanydcrns, pupa 2.i~

iiii\-i>ccra* Limnophila 57

pectinifera,* Limnophila 5''

276

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1964

pcrdelccta* Limnophila 20

ptcrostica* Limnophila 17

pnsan* Limnophila 21

scabristyla,* Limnophila 23

Simuliidae, book 194

Thaumaleidae, book 194

HEMIPTERA

maculiventris, Podisus parasite 191

HOMOPTERA

aitrca, Cohtmbonirvana 127

colotes* Krocobclla* 119

hyalina, Nconirvana 124

languria* Krocozzota* 116

Membracidae at light 167

Nirvaninae, review of 113

nivata* Pcntoffia * 120

saiiidion* Krocodona* 115

smithii, Jassosqiialns,* n. comb. 122

HYMENOPTERA

Ants, African, preying on ter-
mites 197

apicalis, Ammophila 151

bahamcnsis,* Campsomcris . . . 103

bayeri, Camponotus 204

bcquarti, Crcmatogaster 202

Bothroponera 200

brunneipennis, Crematogaster . 202
cacrulcsccns subcorticalis, An-

plopus, nests of 189

Campsomcris, notes on Ameri-
can taxa 101

completa yncatanensis,* Camp-

someris 104

congolcnsis, Ccntromyrmex , , 200

destructor, Monomoriwn 202

cphippinm, Campsomcris, group
of . 105

floricola, Monomoriinn ... 15, 202

foctcns, Mcgaponcra 197

fumipcnnis, Ccrccris, larva . . 227

grandis, Ammophila 153

guinccnsc, Tctramorinm 14

hctricki* Phlcbopcncs 2

ichncitmoncits, Sphc.r, larva . . 227

kncri, Crcmatogaster 202

lampci, Ammophila 151

hclcrqiti, Ammophila 154

Icucomclas, Rygchium, nest

data 26

longicomis, Paratrechina 14

lotti, Crcmatogaster 202

Incayannm, Tctramorinm 130

macnlatns bnttus, Camponntus 203
melanoccphalum, Tapinoma . . 14

uuttica, Ammophila 149

novascotiac, Dialictns 5

'paucimacnlatus, Ect cumins,

Acarina from 43

perrisii, Camponotns 204

pharaonis, Monomorium 14

plumipes, Campsomcris, group

of 102

pubesccns, Ammophila 153

pnnctaticcps kibalcnsis, Sole-

nopsis 203

punctnlata, Phcidole 201

rcadioi, Xcnopannrgns 74

retusa, Ammophila 152

robertsoni cmmiltosns* Ccr-
ccris 144

rotundata, Phcidole 201

rnfipcs, Ammophila 151

sandhousac, Dialictns 7

sericcus, Camponotns 203

sinuata, Enccrceris 205

Social insects, book on 223

speculifcra, Phcidole 201

Sphecoidea, evolution based on

larvae 225

tcrminata, Ammophila 152

Ixxv]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

277

t'itripcnnis, Campsomeris 106

Tividus, Caiiiponotus 203

Xenopanuargus 73

LEPIDOPTERA

eos, Hcspcria 25

cphcincracforinis, Thyridop-

tcryx 97

Gold spots on monarch pupa . 253

Hesperiidae, lost types 24

Lyman Museum 269

plc.vippns, Danans 253

ncrcits, Hcspcria 25

Rhopalocera, synonymic list of

Xearctic 138

zampa, Hcspcria 25

ODONATA
incnda.v, Brechmorhoga, notes

ORTHOPTERA

algcriana, Thalpomena 215

annulosiis, Thisoicctrus 215

brachyptcnan, Acrydinm .... 215

conic a, Pyrgomorpha 215

diunonti, Ameles 215

jasciatits, Conocephalus as

predator 204

forcli, Acinipc 215

giornai, Pesotettix 215

hainmadae, Ercmogryllus .... 215

insnbricns, Acrotylus 215

Incasi, Dnroniclla 215

mendica, Blepharopsis 215

nasuta, Acridclla 215

Orthoptera, feculae of 209

patruclis, Acrotylus 215

Percyna* 29

Plapyterna sp 215

plorans, Eyprepocnemis 215

pulchripennis, Tmcthis 215

sanguineus, Poccilotctti.r 54

tricinctns, Sphingonotus 215

tiirrita, Acrida 215

riridifasciata, Chortaphaga,

photoperiod effect on 133

zcbrata, Percyna* n. comb. ... 32

SMALLER ORDERS

aincricana, Sialis (Neurop.) .. 12
anophthalamis,* Folsomidcs

(Collem.) 71

binoculata* Sphymtheca ( Col-
lem.) 263

brooksi* Allocapnia (Plecop.) 169
checlac, Kurodaia (Malloph.) 148
Collembola from Mexico .... 219
Collembola of New Mexico 47, 259
contigua,* Sialis (Neurop.) .. 10
ozarkana* Allocapnia (Pie-
cop.) 172

drcisbachi* Sialis (Neurop.) 9
erythrophthalmus,* Cuculicola

(Malloph.) 69

fuh'ofasciata, Kurodaia ( ^^al-

loph.) 148

jumosa* Allocapnia (Plecop.) 174
gnoinac* Kurodaia (Malloph.) 145
nrzimcki* Ctenophthalmus

(Siph.) 156, 269

hasta, Sialis (Neurop.) 12

Hydroptilidae (Trich.) of

Maine 159

infuinata, Sialis ( Xeurop.) .. 13

iola, Sialis (Neurop.) 13

Isoptera, in book on social in-
sects 223

itasca. Sialis (Neurop.) 13

jcanac* Allocapnia (Plecop.) 171

ii'ppa. Sialis (Neurop.) 13

Mallophaga, checklist of 221

malrcrna* Allocapnia (Ple-
cop.) 170

tnohri, Sialis ( N'nirop.) 13

neomexicanus,* Pararrhapalites
(Collem.) 264

278

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1964

platyclypeatum, Kitrodaia

(Malloph.) 148

pseiidoviolaccous* Sininthuri-

des (Collem.) 50

purpitreiis* Neosminthurus

(Collem.) 260

sincnsis* Goniodes (Malloph.) 256
Sminthuridae, key (Collem.) . 47
Sminthurides, key (Collem.) . 49
Sminthurinae, keys to (Col-
lem.) 259

Sminthurinus, key (Collem.) . 51
stannardi* Allocapnia (Pie-
cop.) 174

Termite prey of African ants 197
z-agans, Sialis (Neurop.) .... 13
zirayi,* Allocapnia (Plecop.) . 170
Winter stoneflies (Plecop.) .. 54
zcac, Anaphothrips (Thysa-

nop.), new synonyms 129

sckia* Allocapnia (Plecop.) . 171

NON-HEXAPODA

ARACHNIDA
ACARINA

coorcmani* Uidia, from wasp 43

CHILOPODA

aitcklandica, Maoriclla 90

aitstralis, Maoriella 92

Caitserinm* 66

ecdema* Maoriella 93

edentatus, Maoriclla 91

macrostigma, Maoriclla 90

Maoriclla, review of 85

prognatha, Schisotactiia 38

Schisotaenia, nature of 33

tuxtlanum,* Causcriuni 67

zclanica, Maoriclla 90

NON-ARTHROPODA

mikado, Syrmaticau (Aves) . . 256

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